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MATHEO'S 



MNEMONIC GRAMMAR 



FRENCH LANGUAGE. 



JERSEY : 
R. GOSSET, PRINTER, 20, QUEEN STREET. 

MDCCCXLVII. 



V <»"W^ 



C/f ? tf mr 



.ft* 



PREFACE. 

In the following pages, the rules are brought before 
the mind's eye in a concentrated form ; and arranged 
on mnemonic principles, so as to render them easy 
of acquirement, and to bid defiance to obliteration. 

Every one must be aware how easy it is to remember 
a place once seen, and that no sooner do w-e think of 
it, than a whole train of ideas connected therewith pre- 
sent themselves — thus all that the learner has to do, 
is to take notice in what page, what square, in connec- 
tion with what number, under what form, space, or 
colour, any rule is contained, and when required, will 
at all times be instantaneously suggested by this simple 
mode of association. 

Grammars generally have set exercises on each 
rule, but the author has known many, who, after 
having gone once or twice through the most popular 
grammars, committed blunders in almost every sen- 
tence, when required to write a fresh theme ; and if a 
few years had elapsed, every thing was forgotten : 
these rules being merely consulted en passant, un- 
derstood in a vague manner, and consequently could 
make no lasting impression. 

Now a far better method will be to commit the fol- 
lowing rules to memory in a set of lessons ; whilst 
learning the contents of my word book, for in the acqui- 



IV PREFACE 

sition of a living language we have three main points 
requiring attention, viz., a knowledge of words, proper 
pronunciation, and idiomatic construction — thus during 
the first course, while the rules are being learned, the 
exercises fully mastered, and pronunciation perfected, 
the pupil should translate French into English, and 
back again into French, after the plan indicated in my 
class book — and during the next course his private 
study should be to translate a good English work into 
French for the application of the rules ; and the les- 
sons may be principally devoted to familiar conversa- 
tion in the language. 



ARTICLE, Definite. 







M. 


F. 


PL. 




N. 


ac. 


fc, 


la* 


les. 


the 


G. 


ab. 


de, du, 


de la, 


des. 


of or from th 


D. 




a, au, 


a la, 


aux. 


to the. 



In the Nominative and ac. I with the apostrophe alone is prefixed to nouns 
singular beginning with a vowel or h mute of both genders : Vhomme, Vame. 

In the Genitive and Dative, de, a, are used before nouns masculine beginning 
with a vowel or h mute ; when they moreover require V after them : de Vhomme ; 
a V 'amour ; and du, au, before those beginning with a consonant or h aspirated. 

The elision also takes place before nouns F. beginning with a vowel or h mute 
a Vamitie, de Vhumanite. ■ 

In French the article is not only used before individual nouns ; 
but also before nouns of virtues, vices, arts, sciences, substances, 
elements, and metals taken in a general sense : 

La paresse est un vice horrible. L'or est plus durable que 
V argent. 

Also before names of countries, provinces, mountains, rivers, 
seasons, and divisions of the Globe : 

La France est plus grande que V Angleterre. 

L 'etc est plus ogr cable quelluver. 

Also before adjectives [or any other word] used substantively : 
Le vert est plus beau que le gris. 

Observe. — "When speaking as coming from any country, town 
or place in Europe, de alone is used : II vient de France. 

The same between two substantives : 

La Heine d' Angleterre . Du vin d 'Italic 

Except when representing countries in their resources, commerce, 
extent, greatness, virtues or vices : 

La prosper it c de la France. Le commerce de V Angleterre. 

A. All countries out of Europe take the article compound in the genitive, 
dative and ablative ; that is, either du, de la, des, instead of de ; and either au, 
a la, or aux instead of a : 

II vient des hides, du Brazil, de V Arable, §c % II va au Brazil, a. la Gruadloupe, 
%c. Except Alger, Tunis, Tripoli, Madagascar, Maroc, Cartage, Candle, Baby- 
lone 4" Cliipre. ■ 

B. Portugal and the following provinces, le Milanais, le Parmezan, le Man- 
tuan, VAbbruzze, also take the article compound. 

The same with a few provinces in France : U Anjou, le Dauphine, le Maine, le 
Perche. Also a few cities : la Fleche, le Havre de Grace, la Rochelle, la Ferte. 

Observe however, that in the dative the above provinces take dans : J'irai 
dans V Anjou, be. 

Countries composed of an Adj. and Sub. [except Terre Neuve] 
also take the article compound : It est alle aux Pays-Bas. 

Note. — In English the Genitive may be expressed either by 's 
or the pre. of: [and in some instances even by to : he is an enemy 
to good order. 77 est ennemi du bon ordre.] Louisa's sister — 
the sister of Louisa ; but in French it can only be expressed in 
the last form : La soeur de Louise. 



THE ARTICLE IS USED ALSO 

1. Before nouns of dignities and professions, when followed by 
Monsieur, Monseigneur, Madame or Mademoiselle : 
Monsieur le Docteur. Madame la Duchesse. 



2. Before abusive appellations : 

Monsieur lejoueur. Madame la paresseuse. 



3. Before an adj. followed by a noun in sentences of exclama- 
tion and admiration expressed without a verb ; with the noun re- 
peated and que between them. 

L'enorme Eglise que Saint Pierre. 



4. Before the names of the following Italian Poets and 
Painters : 

Le Tasse, VArioste, VAretin, le Guide, le Corege, le Carache, le Tintoret, VEs- 
pagnolet, le Pinturichio, le Dominicain , le Bernardin ; all of which take the 
article compound in the genitive and dative : Je parle du Tasse. On Vattribue 
au Carache, 



Cases where no article is used : — 

1. When Nouns are not taken in their full extent of significa- 
tion : Homines, femmes, enfants et Men, toutfut sacrifie. 

2. After the conjunction ni : vous riavez ni or ni argent. 

3. When nouns of countries are preceded by en : avez-vous 
ete en Italie ? II ira bientot en France. 



There are also a few cases where the article is omitted in French 
though used in English : 

1. Before proper names numerically qualified : Louis XVIII, 
Guilleaume IV, Charles XII, Francois premier, George III. 

2. Before substantives thus qualified : Livre Wrne, Chapitre 
I2me, Section 2me, Page \3me. 

3. Before comparatives of proportion : Plus on voyage et 
moins on devient affect e. 

4. In the genitive before a noun of relationship, dignity or 
office, when preceded by a proper noun, or its pronoun : Madame 
D. sceur de Monsieur B ., g Oliver neur de G.., II est Maire de 
N. . Except after ce : C'est le maire de *\ r ... 



M. * F. PL. 

Ce, cet, cette — this, that. Ces — these, those. 
May be considered as demonstrative articles ; being always used 
with a noun : Ce gar con. Cette jillc. 

Mark. — When wishing to indicate more distinctly the object or 
person referred to, ci and la are placed after nouns, preceeded by 
ce, cet, cette, ces : 

Cet homme-ci ; cette femmc-la. 



* Cet is used instead of re before nouns masculin, beginning with a vowel 01 b mute '• 
ami, cet enjant, cet hommc. 



7 
ARTICLE, Indefinite. 







M. 


F. 




N. 


ac. 


un, 


une, 


a, an. 


G. 


ab. 


dun, 


d'une, 


of or from a or an, 


D. 




a un, 


a une, 


to a or an. 



This article is omitted in connexion with the v. to be, in the 
third person singular ; except when the pron. ce is joined to it. Ex. 
Elle est bonne jille — not une bonne fille. 

Example with ce. 
C'est un honnete komme. C'est une bonne Jille. 



Nor is this article expressed in the N. or ac. in any of the fol- 
lowing cases, after the verb etre. 

1. Before nouns denoting title or dignity : 

II a etefait membre de V academic des sciences. 

2. Before National qualifications : 

Vous n'etes pas Anglais ? A'on^je suis Ecossais. 

3. Before profession or business : 

Etcs-vous medecin? Non, monsieur, je suis JLvocat. 



NOR IS THIS ARTICLE USED IN FRENCH IN THE FOLLOWING CASES: 

1. Before a substantive characterizing a preceding one: M. D. vient d'etre ilu 
maire, honneur quHl desirait depuis long-temps. 



2. After quel answering to what, beginning an exclamation : Quelle somme 
enorme. 



3. Before the title of a work or any performance : Trait 6 de literature Anglaise, 



Observe. — Before nouns of measure, weight and number, the de- 
finite article must be used : 
Un chelin la pinte ; trois louis Varpent ; quatre sols la douzaine. 

In speaking of time and distance ; a or per, are expressed by 
par: 

Trois chelins par jour. Tant par mille. 

A head, a man ; are likewise rendered 

Par the, par komme, or chacun. 
But, a piece, is rendered by the article definite, la piece. 



8 
ARTICLE, Partitive. 



M. F. PL. 

N. ac. du, de la, des some, any. 

G. ab. de, de, de of or from some, any. 

D. a du, a de la, a des, to some, any. 

De V, d\ a de V before nouns beginning with a vowel or h mute 
masculine and feminine. _— 

A. This article denotes the limited sense of the noun, and must 
be used on all occasions w T here the English word some is either ex- 
pressed or understood, and repeated before every noun : 

Apportez du pain, de la viande et des fruits. 

B. It answers to any when asking questions: Avez-vous die 
vin ? Ya-t-il de Veau ? Ont-ils apporte des noisettes ? 

Remark. — -Whenever an adjectiveor adverb of quantity or nega- 
tion* precede a noun spoken of in a partial sense, only the genitive 
can be used : Elle a de beaux yeux et beaucoup de grace, mais 
trespeu d' esprit. 

Rien and la plupart. are the only adverbs of quantity forming 
an exception to this rule : II a bien du courage. Voila bien des 
affaires. Elle a bien de Vaudace. La pluspart des gens. 



De is also used — 

1. After the words espece, que, quelque chose, rien, sorted 'genre 
and melange, when preceding a noun or adjective : Rien de bon. 
Quelque chose de blanc. Un melange defarine et d'eau. 

2. After all adverbs of quantity immediately preceding a noun : 

Reaucoup de travail et peu de profit. 

3. After que and quoi in sentences of admiration : Que de 
peine et de soin ! 

4. After with in the sense of some preceded by a verb, participle 
or noun : RempUssez-le de vin. II est saisi dhorreur. 

Observe — 'Some or any pronouns genitive of partitive nouns, 
meaning some or any of it or them ; are rendered by en and must 
always be expressed though often merely understood in English : 

Have you any? yes I have (some) — En avez-vous ? oui,fen at. 

Have you? (some or any) En avez-vous? You have (some). 
Vous en avez ? 

The same in speaking of any object preceded by the indefinite 
article, or in connexion with number ; the genitive pronoun en, 
of it, of them, must always be expressed in French though often 
omitted in English : Have you a pencil ? yes, I have (one) (of it). 
Have you three horses ? yes I have (three) (of them). Avez-vous un 
crayon? out, fen ai un. Avez-vous troischevaux ? oui,fen ai trois. 



* Should a substantive be follo-wod by a word qualifying it the other cases must be used 
even after a negation: AV eroyczpas des choscs si absv'rdes. 



9 
SUBSTANTIVES, Number of. 



In general the plural only differs from the singular by the ad- 
dition of s. 



EXCEPTIONS. 



1. Those ending in au, eu, take x in the plural. 



2. Bijou, caillou, chou, genou, hibou,pou, also take x. 



3. Those ending in al change al into aux in the plural, except 
bal, cal, carnaval, pal, regal, which follow the general rule. 



4. Bail, email, cor ail, plumail, soupirail, vantail, travail* 
also change ail into aux. 



5. Ciel makes cieux, except in the sense of testers, canopy, 
climate, temperature, and first bed of a quarry , when it merely 
takes s. 

(EU makes yeux, in the sense of natural eyes ; in other cases it 
takes s. 

A'ieul makes a'ieux, in the sense of ancestors ; but it takes 5 
when merely meaning grandfather ox grandmother. 



6. Words which end in s, z, or x, in the singular, remain the 
same in the plural. 



* Travail meaning machines for horse-shoeing or statistical reports merely takes *. 
Betail has no plural ; hence bestiaux is used. 
Ail makes aulx in the plural. 

Nouns in ant and ent, may either retain or reject the / in the -plural : dos presents or des 
presens, except in those of one syllable, where the i is never dropped : une dent, dea dents. 

B 



10 
COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES. 



1. When compounded of a noun and adjective both take the 
plural.* 

Un cerf -volant. Des cerfs -volants. 



2. When compounded of two substantives both also take the 
plural, f 

Un chien-loup. Des c7iiens-loups. 



3. In compound nouns, divided by a preposition, the first 
alone takes the plural. J 

Un jet-d'eau. Des jets-d'eau. 



4. In those compounded of a preposition and a substantive, or 
of a verb and substantive, the noun alone is pluralised. 

Un avant-coureur. Des avant-coureurs. 
Un garde-fou. Des garde-fous. 



Observe. — Should there be a sense of unity in the noun no s is 
added in the plural : 

Serre-tete, reveille-matin. 

But if there be a sense of plurality in the noun it always takes s 
both in the singular and plural : 

Un porte-mouchettes, des porte-mouchettes. 



5. Those compounded of adverbs, prepositions or verbs ; as 
passe-pa?'tout, will naturally remain singular, substantives and ad- 
jectives alone being susceptible of pluralisation. 



EXCEPTIONS. 

* Des blanc-selngs, des terre-pleins, des chevau-lerjers, des grand-mere or messes. 

t Un appui-main, un bec-fiqucs, un breehe-dents, un hotcl-dicu. 

Des appuis-mams, des bec-figues, des breehe-dents, des Iwtcl-dieu. 

% Des coq-a-Vdne, des pied-a-terre, des tete-a-tete. 



11 

ADJECTIVES, Gender of 



1. Adjectives ending in e mute, such as sage, pale, aimable, 
rouge, avare, large, Sfc, are of both genders. 

2. Those not ending in e mute add one in the F. : grand, 



3. Those of the following terminations el, eil, en, et, on,/, s, 
x, make their F. in elle, eille, enne, ette, onne, ve, sse, se. 



4. Those in eur formed from participles present, as : chantant, 
chanteur, change into euse, thus : chanteuse, except debiteur, 
executeur, inspectem\ inventeur, persecuteur which change into 
ice, as debitrice, executrice, fyc. 



5. Those in teur not formed from participles change all into 
ice: protecteur, protectrice. 



6. Those in erieur take e mute : inf erieur, inferieure, as also 
majeur, mineur, meilleur. 

7. Bailleur, chasseur, defendeur, devineur, demandeur, 
enchant eur, pecheur, vengeur, change into esse: devineresse, &c. 

8. Those in eur expressing professions principally exercised by 
men, as : imprimeur, auteur, are the same for both genders. 

9. Those in c only 7, three of which add he, viz., Mane, franc, 
sec; and the rest, caduc, grec, public, turc, change c into que. 

Complet, concret, discret, secret, inquiet, re-let, make complete, concrete, 
discrete, secrete, inquiete, replete. 



The following change thus : 






m. 


f. m. f. 


m. 


f. 


mauvais, 


mauvaise. 


faux, fausse. 


vieillot, 


vieillotte. 


niais, 


niaise. 


prefix, prefixe. 


paysan, 


paysanne. 


ras, 


rase. 


roux, rousse. 


ambassadeur 


ambassadrice 


tiers, 


tierce. 


frais, fraiche. 


gouvemeur, 


gouvernante. 


donx, 


douce, 


sot, sotte. 


serviteur, 


servante. 




m. f. m. 


f. 






favori, favorite. 


nut, 


nulle. 






lointain, lointaine. 


pret, 


prete. 






prochain, prochaine. 


gentil, 


g entitle. 






benin, benigne. 


long, 


'ongue. 






malin, 


maligne. 









fou, mou, vieu, make 
bel, tiouvel, fol, mol, vieil, before a vowel or h mute, and 

belle, nouvelle, folle, molle vieille, in the f. 

PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES.— The generality merely add s. Those in s and 
x do not change in the plural. Those in au make their masculine plural by 
adding x. The generality in al make aux in the masculine plural ; as, moral 
moraux ; egal, egaux ; original, originaux ; brutal, brutaux ; though fatal, final, 
glacial, nasal, naval, theatral, frugal, pastoral, jovial, merely take s, and the fol- 
lowing have no m. plu. : beneficial, diagonal, diametral, experimental, instrumen- 
tal, medicinal, mental, virginal, voca-l, zodiacal, 



12 

Degrees of Comparison. 



Comparisons may be made in three different senses; by equality, 
superiority, and inferiority. 

That of superiority is made by prefixing plus. 

That of inferiority by moms. 

That of equality by \ ( aussi. 

In the affirmative ) i aidant. 

In the negative (^ 



EXAMPLES. 

ISkomme honnete est plus heureux que lefourbe. 
Les pauvres ont moins d* inquietude que les riches. 
Mon cheval est aussi gras que le voire. 

II y a autant d'arbres dans mon verger que dans le voire. 
Cejardin ri 'est pas si beau que V autre. 
II rtapas tant de bien que vous. 



When adjectives express qualities in a high or highest degree, 
they are called superlatives ; of which there are two sorts, the ab- 
solute and relative. 



The absolute is formed by prefixing 

ires, fort, bien. — very. 
L'Espagne est un tres beau pays. 
Cest unfort honnete homme. 
II est bien severe. 



The relative is formed by prefixing the ar. defi. le, la, les ; Cest 
la plus belle femme de V endroit. 

Thus the additions er or r, si, to the positive, are rendered by 
plus, le plus: rich, richer, richest — riche, plus riche, le plus riche. 



Remark.— plus. ??ioi?is, a?tssi, autant, 
are often qualified by bien ; answering to a deal with the two first, 
and at least, in connexion with the two last. 

II est bien plus or moins riche que lui. 
II est bien aussi savant que nous. 
II a bien autant d'esprit que vous. 



13 



The ADJECTIVES. 



bon mauvais petit 
bad small 

Ion 

good 

mauvais 

bad 
petit 
little 



J form their degrees as follows. 

meilleur 

better 

pire 

worse 

moindre 

less 



le meilleur 

the best 

le pire 

the worst 

le moindre 

the least 



The ADVERBS. 



Men mal 
well ill 


HtUe?few j form their 


degrees as f 


lien 




mieux 


le mieux 


well 




better 


the best 


mal 




pis 


le pis 


ill 




worse 


the worse 


peu 




moins 


le moins 


little, few 




less, fewer 


the least 



Observe. — Never say plus Ion instead of meilleur ; nor yet 
plus lien instead of mieux 



Nor must the comparative adjectives meilleur, pire, moindre, 
and the adverbs mieux, pis, moins, be used indiscriminately ; 
though generally rendered by the same words in English, which 
is easily avoided by knowing that the adverb qualifies a verb and 
the adjective a noun : 

II parle mieux que vous. 

Son drap est meilleur que le voire , 



14 
Place of the Adjective. 



In English the adjective preceeds the noun, but in French it is 
generally placed after, especially in the sense : 

1. Of colour : desyeux gris. 

2. Of figure : line table ronde. 

3. Of nations : un chapeau Francois. 

4. Those derived from participles : un arbre fleurissant, une 
fille instruite. 4 

5. Those denoting natural properties : du lait chaud. 

6. Those ending in il, Us, if, ive, ule, esgue, ic, ique, and indeed 
most adjectives expressing moral qualities : 

Une femme vertueuse. Des peuples heureux. 
Une vie paisible. Un homme sage. 



Observe. — Some may however either preceed or follow the noun, 
for we may say charmante fille as well as fille charmante ; but 
as it requires one well versed in the language to know when; it will 
be safer for the beginner to always place them after. 



The following are however mostly placed before, for both 
genders : 

beau, bon, brave, cher, chetif, galant, gros, honmte, jcune, jolt, mauvais, 
mechant, meilleur, grand, moindre, petit, saint, vieux, vrai. 



When grand means tal, galant a courtier, and cher dear in 
price, they follow the substantive. 



Comparatives of proportion, made cither between substantives 
or adjectives, must follow the verb : 

Plus un homme est sage plus il est estimable. 



Should two or more adjectives follow to qualify a noun : they must always be 
placed after : Un enfant beau, aimable ct spirit ucl. 

In the feminine of grand the c is suppressed, and supplied by an apostrophe 
before faim, peur* soif, mere, messe, c/tambrc. 



15 

Concord. 

1. Adjectives must agree in gender and number with their sub- 
stantives. 



2. Two nouns singular require the adjective plural; as,sonpere 
et sa mere sont aveugles. 

A. When two substantives are of different genders the adjective 
must moreover be masculine; as, son nez et sa bouche sont trop 
petits. 

The adjectives demi, except e, nu, suppose, are only declined 
when following the noun, and even then demi only varies in gen- 
der : une demi heure, deux heures et demie. 



Adjectives of Dimension. 

Generally the adjectives gros, epais, 7iaut, profond, large, are 
turned into their substantives grosseur, longueur, epaisseur, hau- 
teur, profondeur, largeur. 

1. With the prep, de before them: Trent c pieds de largeur et 
huit pieds de hauteur. 

2. After un, une or any other number de is also required before 
the word of measure : 

Un arbre de trente pieds de hauteur. 

Cinq appartemens de vingt -cinq pieds de largeur 

Et de irente-deux pieds de longueur. 



3. The same in speaking indeterminately or collectively; 
Des montagnes de treize mille pieds de hauteur. 



Observe. — That whenever in English the verb to he is employed 
in relation to measure, the verb avoir must be used in French : 

JVotrejardin a deux cents pieds de largeur. 
Cet arbre a quar ante-cinq pieds de hauteur. 



Mark. — The above construction may be reversed ; that is instead of the sub- 
stantive the adjective can be used : 

Une maison liaute de qtuirante pieds. 
Une riviere large de trois milles. 

But the former construction is preferable. 



16 



Govern mment of Adjectives. 

A. Some adjectives govern the preposition a and others de. 
The following govern a 



utile 
cher 
occupc 



admirable 


' beau 


de'sagre'able 


hardi 


pareil 


adroit 


bon 


diligent 


mgenieux 


porte 


agile 


civil 


dispose 


inexorable 


prit 


agreable 


incivil 


doux 


inutile 


premier 


aise 


conforme 


enclin 


laid 


propre 


alert e 


comparable 


exacte 


lent 


prompt 


ardent 


contraire 


facile 


nuisible 


sensible 


ass id u 


dernier 


habile 


oppose 


semblable 



EXAMPLES. 
Ce rf est pas facile a croire. 
Je snis pret apartir. 



B. The following govern the preposition de. 



accuse 

aise 

assure 

avide 
B ' besom 
capable 
certain 
cheri 



digne 

droit 

ennuye 

enrage" 

en etat 

envie 

exempt 

fache 

EXAMPLES. 
II est digne de recompense. 
II est libre defaire ce qu'il veut. 
Cest une chose qui depend de vous-meme. 
Je suis ravi de vous voir. 



content 

comble 

contrit 

coutume 

curieux 

dependent 

dessin 



fatigue 

fou 

furieux 
incapable 
indigne 
incertain 

joyeux 
las 



libre 

lieu 

mecon+ent 

occasion 

plain 

qualife 

ravi 

raiso?i 



satisfait 
soin 
siir 
surpris 

taxe 
tord 
vide 



C. The adjectives, affable, complaisant, bon, cruel, genereux, 
indulgent, prevenant, govern the prep, envers in the sense of to- 
wards : 

II etait si bon envers ses connaissances. 
Soyons genereux envers le prochain. 

D. Plus, moins, autant, tant, when immediately followed by a 
substantive, govern de ; Plus de tendresse ; moms de jierte ; au- 
tant d'ennemis ; tant de courage. 

Observe. — When plus or moins are adjectives of quantity, or 
used in connexion with a noun of number, than is expressed by de, 
instead of que: 

Bile a plus de trois cents low's par an. 

E. Cardinal numbers preceeding a past participle require de af- 
ter them : 

II y en cut trente de tues ct vingt de blesses. 

Note. — The words one, ones, are not expressed after an adjec- 
tive : 

He has three coats ; a blue one, a green one, and a black one. 
II a trois habits, wi bleu, un vert et un noir. 

There arc some excellent ones. 
27 y en a d'cxccllcntes. 



17 







NUMBERS. 








CARDINAL. 




Un, une. 


unite 


Quatorze 


Soixante soiocantaine 


Deux. 


cot/pie, paire 


Quinze quinzaine 


Soixante et un 


Trots 


trio 


Seize 


Soixante-dix 


Quatre 




Dix-sept 


Soixante et onze 


Cinq 




Dix'huit 


Quatre-vingt 


Six 


demi-douzaine 


Dix-neiif 


Quatre-vingt-un 


Sept 




Vingt vingtaine 


Quatre -vingt-dix 


Suit 


huiiaine— week 


Vingt et un 


Cent centaine 


Nenf 




Vingt- deux 


Mille millier 


Dix 




Trcnie trentaine 


Tin million 


Onze 




T rente ct un 


Un millard 


Douze 


douzaine 


Q uarctn te quaranta hie 


Un billion 


Treize 




Cinquante cinquantaine 





Ordinal numbers, except premier and second, 'are all formed by- 
adding ieme to the cardinal : deuxihne, troisieme, quatrieme, Sfc. 



Immediately before a noun cent takes an s in the plural, if not 
followed by another number. 

Deux cents arbres. Deux cent trente arbres. 



Mille never alters in the plural : quarante mille fantassins. 
Mille is contracted in dates ; as, mil huit cent douze. 



In reckoning the days of the month, the cardinal numbers are 
used in French : Le vinyl du mois prochain. Le troisjuillet. 
lis seront ic'i le dix. 

Remember. — That on is never expressed in dates nor yet of 
before any names of months. 



The same in speaking of kings : Louis XVI., Charles XII., 
George IV '; except first and second, or Charles the fifth; as 
Francois premier, George second, Charles quint. 



Before onze and onzieme the definite article is used, as if these 
words began with a consonant; le onze, du onzieme. 



Observe. — Un is never used with cent or mille, thus we say, 
cent per sonnes, mille ans. 

Nor is et expressed in dates or when stating any number of ob- 
jects ; thus we say : 

Mil huit cent trente — not et trente. 
Cent dix maisons — not ct dix. 



18 
Definition of the Parts of Speech. 



The noun represents an object of any kind, either physical, mo- 
ral, or ideal : tree, virtue, ghost. 

The Article is a word placed before nouns to define them : a 
tree, the trees. 

The Adjective is a word qualifying the substantive : blue eyes, 
large eyes. 

The Pronoun is a word supplying the noun or other words re- 
ferred to : he, it, which. 

The Verb is a word which affirms a peculiar state or action : the 
weather is hot, the tree falls, Peter studies. 

The Adverb is a word which qualifies either a verb, adjective, 
or even another adverb : he writes well, the weather is very hot, 
he very willingly agreed to my terms. 

The Preposition is a word which shews the relation one object 
bears to another : we are out of danger, he is going towards 
London. 

The Conjunction is a word used to connect different members of 
a sentence : he and I are on very good terms. 

The Interjection is a word expressing emotions of joy, sor- 
row, &c. 

Cases. 

By Cases we understand certain relations in which nouns or pro- 
nouns stand to each other, and other parts of speech in a sentence. 

Thus though we have strictly speaking but three cases ; Nomi- 
native, when the person or thing acting is named; Possessive or 
Genitive, when an object is said to belong to an object; Objective, 
when the person or thing named is the end of an action. Yet in 
the objective, nouns or pronouns stand again in three different re- 
lations to each other, a thing may be given to, taken from, or sim- 
ply referred to, as in the following sentence: Frederick took Wil- 
liam's book from the shelf and gave it to Robert, or, he took his 
book from it and gave it to him. 



19 

And thus we shall find it at least convenient to subdivide the 
objective into Dative, [giving to] Accusative, [simply pointing out 
the object on which the action implied in the verb terminates,] and 
Ablative, [taking from,] though the ablative is in French ex- 
pressed exactly like the genitive. 

Every sentence has a subject or thing named which is the No- 
minative case, and a predicate or what is affirmed of the subject, 
which is the object. 

The subject will always be either a noun, (which may be quali- 
fied by an adjective,) pronoun or infinitive. 

The predicate, at least one verb representing the thing or action 
affirmed or denied, and whatever object may be affirmed by such 
action ; as, " Frederick thinks." " Frederick thinks of the money 
which Mr. D. promised him." 

The subject may always be known by putting the question, who 
or what, to the verb ; as, " she sings delightfully;" " their noise 
amused me." Who sings delightfully? she. What amused me? 
their noise. 

The object is known by putting the question, whom or what, to 
the verb ; as, " she sings Scotch airs most delightfully;" "he gave 
them all he had." She sings what ? He gave to whom ? 

Thus it will be understood that the object is the regimen, or com- 
plement, of the attribute or verb ; for the word or member of a sen- 
tence governed by a v. is called regimen ; as, Education developes 
the mental powers ; the mental powers is the regimen or clause 
governed by the verb developes. 

We have two kinds of regimen, or objects, direct and indirect ; 
the direct object completes the signification of the verb without 
the aid of any other word, and answers to the question qui, for per- 
sons, and quoi, for things : II estime beaucoup les anglais. 
f 'crime le commerce. II estime qui ? J'aime quoi ? And the 
indirect regimen only completes the signification of the verb by 
the aid of certain words called prepositions: a, de, dans, pour, 
avec,8fc. and hence answers to the question, a qui, de qui, Sfc, in 
relation to persons ; and a quoi, de quoi, Sfc. in relation to things : 

Ilparle de Platon. II iapplique au commerce. 

Government means influence in construction ; that is one word 
requires another to be in such or such a form ; thus, certain verbs 
always govern the next in the subjunctive; some always govern 
one preposition, others another ; and certain substantives, adjec- 
tives, and prepositions, govern certain cases. 



20 



PRONOUNS, Personal. 



SUBJECTIVES. 

je, moi I 

tu, toi thou. 

il, lid he. 

elle she. 



Objectives. 
me, moi me. 
ft?, toi thee, 

fe, £wi him. 

la, elle, ltd her. 



Subjectives. Objectives. 

nous we ?2o?w us. 

vous you flows you or yc. 

Us, eux, ) ., les, lew, eux, \ ., 

!, ' v thfiv. , ' . ' „ * V them 



' } they. 



>s, leur, elks J 



1. Subjectives, except in interrogations, precede the verb : 

Je parte de vous, il part demean, quefait-il ? 

2. The subjective pronouns may become separated from the 
verb by ne or an objective one : Vous 7ie Vavez pas recu ,- but 
never by an adverb, hence we could not say, as in English, Je 
souvent danse, but Je danse souvent. Je rarement reve, but 
Je reve rarement. 



31 The subjectives moi, toi, lux, eux, are used with the v. etre 
accompanied by ce, instead of their relatives, je, tu, il, Us : C'est 
moi, (notje) e'est toi, (not tu) est-ce lui ? (not il) e'est eux qui 
me Vontdit, (not Us). 

The same when the v. is merely understood, which often hap- 
pens especially in relation to the words qui,que,seul: qui Vafait? 
moi or pas moi. 

Lui qui a tout perdu. Eux seuls sont coupahles. 



Objectives, though placed after a verb in English, must always 
preceed it in French : 

Vous les connaissez. Je leur ai parU. 



EXCEPTIONS. 
1. When speaking affirmatively in the imperative : 
Domiez-moi du pain. Apporicz-lui de Veau. 



2. In the dative, when relating to a reflected verb, or any of 
the following : penser, songer, courir, accourir, alter, venir, avoir 
affaire-egard-recours, prendre garde, /aire attention, viser, and 
etre, in the sense of belonging. In which cases it is expressed by 
a moi, a toi, a lui, a elle, a nous, a vous, a eux, a elles after the 
verb : 

Vous pouvez vousfier a nous. Jepenserai d vous. 
But in other cases the dative is expressed by the pronouns me, 
te, lui, nous, vous, and leur, before the verb : 

lime parte, elle lui plait, nous leur rcr irons. 
And remember that in the D. the pre. to a is always implied in 
the above pronouns : il me parte instead of parte a moi, Ac. 

3. In the genitive and ablative : 

Nous parlions (Telle. T^ous venez de ckez lui. 
Except when expressed by en : A bus en parlions instead of 
nous parlions d'elle, de lui, tVcux, d' elles. 



21 

A. When a verb governs a plurality of pronouns in the third 
person, the ac. precedes the dative : 

Nous le lui pardonnons. 

B. But when the verb governs pronouns of different persons, 
the dative precedes the accusative : 

Nous vous le payerons. 

C. The pronouns je, tu, nous, vous, must be repeated before 
each verb in different tenses : 

Je disetje dirai tovjours que f avals tort. 
In the same tense they may or may not be repeated. 

D. Governed pronouns are always repeated: 

II V aime, V adore et lui obeit. 



Pronouns precede the verb in the following order : 

Me, te, se, nous, vous. 

Le, la, les. 

Lai, leur. 

Y. 

En. 



lime I'avait Men dit. 
Se lesjit-il appcrter ? 
Le lui avez-vous dit? 
Les leur ont-ils promisl 
II ne fy en envera pas. 
Vous ne les y avez pas mis. 
Leury en avez-vous apporte ? 
Vous leur y en passerez auplutot. 



In a reflective sense pronouns succeed thus : 

Je me, tu te, il se, nous nous, vous vous. Us se, §c. ; and correspond to I my- 
self, thou thyself, he himself, we ourselves, you yourselves, they themselves : 
Je mejlatte. Nous nous fiattons. 

They arenever separated except interrogatively : se plaint -elle? 

In the genitive meme is added to the pronouns moi, toi, lui, elle, 
nous, vous, eux, elles in a reflected sense after all verbs : 

Elle s'occupe trop cVelle-meme. Vous parlez toujours de vous-meme. 

Mark. — No pro. being used in the Imperative after the second 
person of verbs not reflected, only one must be used in reflective 
or reflected ones, and toi used instead of te : depeche-toi. 



Soi. — One's self, itself, himself, herself. 

In speaking of persons soi is only used with indefinite pronouns, 
such as on, celui, celle, quiconque, cliacun, personne, or after an 
Infinitive : 

Cliacun pense a soi. Pourquoi tant soncjer a soi ? 
One's self is always rendered by soi or soi-meme when preceded 
by a pre. : 

Cent folic que oVavoir line trop bonne opinion de soi or soi-meme. 
Soi is always placed after the v. and preceded by a preposition. 

Se — The Indefinite personal pro. se — one's self (always used 
with verbs reflective or reflected) is defined by the subjectives il, 
elle, Us, elles, or even lui, eux, preceding it.- Us or elle se flatte ; 
eux se vanter de.... and can only become separated from the verb 
by one of the following objectives le, la, les, en,y : 
lis se les mettrons en cheruin. II £ en passer a. Elk sy rendra clemain. 



22 

The pronouns it, they, or them, used in relation to animals or 
things are expressed as follows : 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

N. it il, elle or ce | they or them Us, clles orce. 

G-. of it en \ \ of them en, \ 

D. to it lui, y*> objectives. I to them leur,y. [objectives. 

A. it le, la) | them les. ) 



These are subjected to the same laws as the former, in their position relative to 
the verb. 



EXAMPLES. 

Cest un beau chapeau ; metis il me coute cher. 
En etes-vous sur ? Y en mettrez-vous ? 
Le eroyez-vous f Je les mangerai. 



1. En generally refers to a noun previously named, and ex- 
presses the genitive in speaking either of persons, animals or 
things ; as, 

II s' en plaint, he complains of him, her, it or them. 

II en est fatigue, lie is tired of him, her, it or them. 



2. The dative is expressed by lui, y, leur. 
Lui and leur generally refer to animals : 

Ce chien afaim, donnez-lui a manger. 
And y to inanimate objects : 

Ce vin est tropfort mettez-y de Veau. 



3. With the verbs sejier, andpenser, y also stands for a lui, a 
elle: 

Vous pouvez vous y fier. U n 'y pense plus. 



4. En and y also partake of an adverb of place ; y stands for 
here, there, within, hither, toil; as, allez-y, venez-y, ily est. En 
for from thence, from it or there; &s,fen viens, I come from it, 
thence or there. 

And remember that though in English the words corresponding 
to en and y are often merely understood ; they never can be 
omitted in French, whether they act as pronouns or adverbs. 



Observe. — The pronouns corresponding to it and they must al- 
ways assume the gender of the noun they represent : 

Cettemaison est petite, mais elle est commode. 



Le is also used, when so conveys the meaning of it. 
I told him so — Je le lui dit. 



23 

Remember. — That it and them employed indirectly, that is with 
a preposition, are always expressed either by en, y, or an adverb in 
speaking of inanimate objects. 

EXAMPLE : 

Prenez cette bourse et mettez-y voire argent, or : — ) , , 77 

Mettez voire argent dedans j 

Qu'en pensez-vous, or que pensez-vous de cela ?.. . . not d'elle, de lui, §c. 

But in the N. and ac. it, they or them must be expressed by 
either it, elle, Us, elles, le, la, les, or ce, in connexion with etre, 
everything being either m. or f. 



Me, te, le, la, les, leur, are never separated from the v. nor used 
without it, except with the words voici, voila, or in that sense. 

Hence after prepositions and conjunctions, we can only nse their 
relatives, moi, toi, lui, elle, (nous, vous,) eux, elles : comment 
vivre sans lui / venez avec eux. 

Except me* te, le, la, les, leur, be immediately followed by an In- 
finitive, in which case they must be preceded by the prepositions : 

Sans les voir, pour la punir. Qtfavez-vous a leur donner. 



Moi is used instead of je or me in pointing out differences, but 
then it is always followed by its relative je. 

JElle apprend la danse et moi fapprends le dessin. 

And the same rule applies to . . toi, lui, eux. 
Which are followed by their relatives . tu, il, Us. 



An additional pronoun must be placed before the verb after pro- 
nouns of different persons : 

Lui et moi nous travaillons toujours. 

The same when a noun accompanies personal pronouns : 
Son pere et moi nous vous assisterons. 



Remember, le, la, les, always express the ac, lui, leur theD. 
whenever to is or could be applied in English. 

Je le, la, les, poursuiverai. Je lui, lui, leur ecrirai. 



Le — it, them, so representing a substantive or adjective used substantively 
must do this in gender and number. 

Etes-vous Madame B. ? Oui, Monsieur, je lasuis 

But remains invariable when representing an adjective or substantive used 
adjectively. 

Ne sont-clles pas malades ? Non, elles ne le sontpas. 



24 
PRONOUNS, Possessive. 



M. 


F. 




PL. 




Mon 


ma 


* — 


mes. 


my. 


Ton 


ta 


— 


tes. 


they. 


Son 


sa 


— 


ses. 


his, her or his 


Notre% 




— 


nos. 


our. 


Voire 




— 


vos. 


your. 


Leur 




— 


leurs. 


their. 



Absolute or 
'.possessive adjectives, 
f repeated before 

each noun. 



M. p. PL PL. 

Le mien, la mienne — les miens, les miennes. 



Le mien, la mienne — lea miens, les miennes. mine. ^ 

Le lien, la sienne — les tiens, les tiennes. thine. Relatives, used 

Le sien, la sienne — les siens, les siennes. his or hers. ', instead of sub. : 

Le notre, la noire — les notres. ours. / hence take the 

Le voire, la voire — les vdires. yours. article. 

Le leur, la leur — les leurs. theirs. J 



1. Possessive adjectives do not agree in gender with the noun 
of the possessor, as in English, but with the object possessed. 
In accordance with the general rule that the adjective agrees in 
gender and number with the substantive. 

JJFjj)oux doit aimer safemme — not son femme. 



2. The genitive, thus expressed in English, my sister's, her 
brother's, &c, is put in the dative in French, either with appar- 
tenir or etre, when preceded by the sub. : Ceparapluie appartient 
a ma soeur, et ce baton est a moi. But when followed by the sub. 
it is, like in English, put in the genitive : 

My brother's hat. Le cliapeau de mon fr ere. 



3. After the verb etre, implying to belong to, possessive pro- 
nouns must be expressed by personals with the prep, a, as follows : 
mine, thine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs. 

a moi, d tot, a lid, a elle, a nous, a vous, a eux. 

Ex. Ce cheval est d moi, ce carosse est a vous et le baton est a lui ; except the 
sub. be lcfc out and ce joined to verb etre ; as, Est-ce le sien t Non, e'est le voire. 



4. The relatives mine, thine, his, &c, preceded by of placed 
after a sub. to which they relate, must be expressed by the abso- 
lutes mes, tes, ces, fyc. 

A brother of his — Unde scsfrercs. 
A house of mine — line de mes maisons. 



Mon, ton, son, must he used before nouns f. beginning with a vowel or h mute, 
in order to avoid the hiatus. 



Nouns of relationship (except papa and mama) and friendship must be pre- 
ceded by their corresponding pronouns : J'y vais monperc. N'yaflee 2 )as mon 
ami. 

Notre and voire take no accent when proceeding a sub., but must have it when proceeded 
by the article. 



25 
PRONOUNS, Demonstrative. 



M. 




F. 






eelui, 




celle. 




he, that, she, that. 


celui-ld 




celle-ld. 




that. 


celui-ci 




celle- ci. 




this. 


M. 




F. 






ceux 




eelles. 




they, these, those. 


ceux-ci 




celles-ei. 




these. 


ceux-ld 




ceUes-ld. 




those. 


ce qui, ce 


que, 


what. 


ceci, 


this. cela, that. 



1. When he, him, she, her, they, or them followed by who or 
whom in the sense of that, does not relate to any individual pre- 
viously mentioned, or if used in an indeterminate sense; that is, 
implying any one, demonstratives must be used instead of per- 
sonals. 

Ex. Celui qui paie ses defies vit heureux. Celle quefaime demeure loind'icu 
But if denominating persons previously mentioned, personals are used. 

Ex. Eux qui mefirent tant de promesses. File quefaime si tendrement. 
Lzii qui venait ?ne voir si souvent. 



2. In English the demonstratives are often left out and construed 
in the possessive casein a manner which cannot be done in French. 
Ex. You may put those books amongst my brother's — those of my brother. 
Vous pouvez mettre ces livres parmi ceux de monfrere. 



3. When ce qui or ce que begin a sentence of two parts, ce is re- 
peated before the verb etre, if it be not followed by an adjective : 

Ce qui m'intercsse leplus, ce sent ses enfants. Ce quHldit est vrai. 



4. Observe. — What in the sense of that which, that thing 
which is rendered by ce qui when it stands as subject to the 
verb following, and by ce que as object: 

What you say is true. — Ce que vous dites est vrai. 
What amuses me vexes you. — Ce qui m 'atnuse vousfuche. 

In the first sentence the verb is say, well and who says? You ; 
hence you is the subject, and what expressing the thing said, the 
object. 

In the second sentence the verb is amuse ; well and what amu- 
ses me ? the thing represented by what ; hence what is the subject. 



6. Ceci and cela are never used but in speaking of inanimate 
objects : ceci est amer et cela est doux. 

D 





26 
PRONOUNS, Relative. 


N. 
G. 
D. 
Ac. 


qui who which or that. 
de qui or dont of whom whose, of which 
a qui, au quel, fyc. to whom which or that. 
qui or que whom which or that. 



A. Qui when not preceded by a prep, is used both for persons 
and things in the nominative : 

La personne qui vint liter. L'arbre quifieurit si hien. 
But when preceded by de or a it can only be applied to rational 
objects. 

B. Que is used for all objects in the accusative : 

Les homines et les chevaux que nous vimes hier. . . 
Observe. — Qui, que, dont, cannot relate to two nouns without 
ambiguity, hence lequel, Sfc., which refer to the first of two succes- 
sive ones must be used in such cases : est-ce V enfant de lafemme 
lequel vint hier'? lequel relates to enfant; but qui would relate to 
either. 





M. 


F. 




N. 
G. 


le quel 

du quel or dont 


la quelle 
de la quelle 


which, 
of which. 


D. 

Ac. 


au quel 
le quel 


a la quelle 
la quelle 

PLURAL. 


to which. 
which. 


N. 
G. 


les quels 

des quels or dont 


les quelles 
des quelles 


which, 
of which. 


D. 

Ac 


aux quels 
les quels 


aux quelles 
les quelles 


to which, 
which. 




qicoi 
what 


de quoi or dont 
of what 


a quoi. 
to what. 



1. When in the genitive relative pronouns immediately follow 
their antecedent, (that is the word to which they relate,) they are 
generally expressed by dont. 

Lliomme dont il est question. 
La chose dontje rn'occupc. 
Observe. But if they become separated from their antecedent by a substantive, 
then those corresponding to dont must be used. 

Voild un homme sur Vhonneur de qui on await ford de se rcposer. 
Voild tin lac sur les bonis duquel je meplairait. 



2. In speaking of inanimate objects, whenever the relative pro- 
nouns which and what governed by any of the prepositions to, at, 
in, into, and with, can be expressed by the adverbs whereat, 
wherein, whereto, they must be rendered by the adverb oil : 
Le postc ou il est place. Le hut oii il tend. 



27 
PRONOUNS, Interrogative. 



Qui ? — who ? whom ? Quoi ? que ? — what ? 

m. F. 

s. Quel, lequel. — quelle, laquelle. ) what or 
PL. Quels, lesquels. — quelles, lesquclles. ) which, 



1. Quoi and que, are never applied to persons, but to things : 
De quoi iagit-il ? d quoi pensez-rous ? 



2. The difference between quoi and que interrogative is, that 
que always begins the sentence : 

Que faites-vous ? Que pensez-vous f 
Whereas quoi never does so, except when by itself : quoi ? what ? or quoi 
quoi? what what? Or in a declamatory sense in the place of comment: 
Quoi rous daignez encore lui parhr ? But in all other cases quoi is preceded 
by a prep. : 

De quoi tons occupez-vous t A quoi est-il propre? 



3. Quel, quelle, Sfc., are always joined to some noun with which 
they agree : 

Quel ouvrage avez-vous Id ? Quelle plainte veut-il dire ? 

Various kinds of que. 
A. Besides que relative and que interrogative, we have que ad- 
mirative, how or how much ; as, 

How bountiful is nature ! Que la nature est bienfaisante ! 

How fortunate we are ! Que nous sommes heureux ! 

13 . Que conjunctive has a very extensive application, and not only 
characterises most conjunctions as, sans que, plus que, des que, 
fyc, but may even supply many, and must be used every time the 
word that (conj.) is or could be expressed. 

Nous (ttions d Paris le jour qiCilfut couronnc. 

Qu'il I'aime ou non il faut qu'il le fasse. 



C. Que also answers to than : II est plus sage que moi , 
also to but or only in a restrictive sense : 

II n'a que tres peic d 'esprit. 



When que stands for how much or how many, followed by a substantive, it re- 
quires de after it ; as, que de rumeurs. Que d'enfanta gates. 



IIoio many, preceded by a preposition, is rendered by combien dc : Dans com* 
bien de difficulty ne s' est- Upas trouvc. 



28 
PRONOUNS, Indefinite. 



Autrui — others, other people, is invariable, and used only in the G. and D. 
Ne touchez point au Men d' autrui. 

Chacun* — every one, every body, is invariable : Chacuna son tour. 
L'tm, Vautre— one another take both gender and number, and when governed 
by a prep, it must not as in English be placed before, but between them : 
Elles se detestent les lines les autres. lis parlent toujours mal Vun de V autre. 

Vun et V autre — both ( take also both gender and number, and when prece- 

L'un ou l' autre — either. < ded by a pr. it must be repeated before Pun and before 
Ni Pun hi V autre— neither ' V autre: Je ne le dirai ni aux wis ni aux autres. 

Nul — no one, no body, can only be used as subject to the v. : Nul nepeut se 
vanter d'etre par fait. 

Quelquun — somebody, is invariable : QuelqiCun vous Va dit. 

Quelgu'utiy quelqxCune — some, any, make in the pi. quelques-un, quelques-une. 

Quiconque — whoever, is invariable, and as a nominative governs the v. in the 
the third per. sing. 

Qt» que ee soit qui or ^e-whoever, whosoever, J n ^ subjunctive . 

Quoi que ce soit qui or que — whatever, whatsoever, ) ° J 

Qui que ce soit oxfut £ when attended by ne mean no one, no body whatever, 

Quoi que ce soit or fut $ nothing, nothing whatever. 

Qui or quo i que ce soit, are used in the present, future, imperative, preterite 
indef. and 

Qui or quoi que cefut in the imperfect, preterite and conditional : 

Nefaites de mala qui que ce soit. II ne voulait ecouter qui que cefut. 



The following words though generally classed among the Indef. pronouns are 
mere adjectives, and mostly placed before a noun with which they agree. 

Quelque — some, any. Chaque — each, every. Certain — certain, some. Nul 
— not one. Aucun — none, no one, not any. 

Quelque — whatever makes two words before a verb [which must be in thesubj.J 
and the first always agrees with the subject of the verb : 

Quel que soient ses profits il n 'est pas ricke. 

Quelque — however, followed by an adjective, participle or adverb is invariable 
being then an adverb : quelque riches qu'ils soient. 

Aucun ) take gender but no number, except when joined to a sub., which has 

Nul / no singular, as: troupes, pleurs, gages. 

Chacun* — each, (every one) is an adjective, and takes no number, but agrees 
in gender with the noun to which it relates: Chacune deces dames a un parasol. 



On — one, any body, corresponds to such indefinite and general 
expressions as, people say, one supposes, it is rumoured, &c, 
it requires the verb in the third person singular ; and must be 
repeated before every verb of which it is the subject : 

On lejlatte et on le trompe sans cesse. 



Note.— After et, si, ou, ou, an I' is prefixed to on, for the sake of euphony. 

Si I'on me demands dites (/no je suis occupe. 
The same after que when the next word begins by e. or q : 

Pottrvu que Con ne quitte />ax le certain 2'our Fincertain. 
EXCEPTIONS.— When the following words togiu by / ; // veut q>ton le quitte. 



29 
Verbs. 

There are five kinds of verbs, Active, Passive, Neuter, Reflec- 
tive, and Impersonal. Active verbs express an action done by the 
subject, and we may always put immediately after them somebody 
or something : 

Je les aime beaucoup. J'estime le merite. 

Passive verbs express an action received or suffered by the sub- 
ject, and we may always put after them, de or par — by : 

Elle est estimee de tout le monde. 

Neuter verbs either express no action or else an action done by 
the subject ; but can never have a direct object after them ; hence, 
contrary to the active verb, we can never put somebody or some- 
thing immediately after : we could not say demeurer quelqu'un, 
voyager quelque chose. 

Reflected or Pronominal verbs express an action reflecting upon 
its author, that is, the subject acts upon itself, and is at the same 
time the agent and the object of the action, and we may always 
place oneself after the infinitive present, or one another, each other 
in a reciprocal sense. 

Some verbs, such as s'adonner, s , e?nparer, se repentir, s'ab- 
stenir, fyc, are called essentially pronominal ; being never used 
without a double pronoun. 

Impersonal 'erbs are only used in the third person singular : 

II suffit. II convient. 



Moods. 

Mood means mode or manner of affirming. 
There are five moods, the Indicative, which affirms in a positive 
manner : 

Je soutiens, soutenais, soutint, et soutiendrai toujours. 

The Conditional, which affirms in a conditional manner : 
Je lirais si f avals le temps. 

The Imperative, in a commanding and exhorting manner : 
Partons sur le champ. 

The Subjunctive, in a subordinate or dependent manner : 
Je doute qitils reussissent. 

And the Infinitive, in a manner vague, without designation of 
either number or person : 

Chanter, danser, rire et boirc. 



30 

TENSES. 



In French there are five kinds of past tenses between simple and 
compound. 

The Imperfect and Preterite definite are simple : 
II parlait, elle parla. 

The Preterite indefinite, Plusperfect and Preterite anterior 
are compound ; that is, formed out of the auxiliary and participle : 
II a-avait-eut parte. 



The Imperfect is used — 

1 . To denote an action present or taking place at the time of 
another also past : 

Je dansais quand vous entrdtcs. 

2. Every time we speak of habitual actions, and reiterated 
events : 

Pile se promenait tons lesjotirs. Cela arrivait tres sonvent. 

3. In speaking of inclinations and qualifications bodily or mental 
of persons no longer existing : 

Napoleon avait beaucoup d'esprit ; mats il etait trop ambitieux. 

4. After the conjunction if, instead of the conditional : 

S'il parlait moins on Vecouterait dJavantcuje. 



The Preterite definite denotes a time entirely past, and requires 
an interval of one day at least ; 

II vendit son cheval hier. 
And is also used in speaking of things happening but once : 
77 naquit a Rome et mourut a Paris. 



The Plusperfect denotes an action taken place before another 
also past : 

II avait fini lorsque fcntrais. 



The Preterite anterior definite also expresses an action taking 

place before another that is likewise past ; but here the following 

sentence must determine when the action took place, hence the 

first part of a sentence or section will be subordinate to the second : 

Des qiCil eut finit nous [enframes. 

The compound of the present ; J'ai chante, fyc, is used to ex- 
press an action past in a period not yet elapsed or at a time which 
is not specified : 

Nous avons eu une bonne recolte cctte annee. 

lis ont regit beaucoup de marvliandises. 



Future. — The future anterior denotes that an action will be just 
ended, when or even before another is about to commence ; 
Quand fauraijini ma lettrc firai sur Ic quai 



31 



Auxiliary Verbs. 



Infin- 


P. Pr. 


P. pa. 


Ind.pr. 


Imperf. 


Preter. 


Future 


Condit. 


Imperat. 


Stib.pr. 


Imperfect 


have 


having had 


I have 


1 had or 


I had 


I shall 


I should 


have thou 


that I 


that I had 










■was 
having 




or -n ill 

have 


could 

•would 

might have 


&c. 


may 
have 


or might 
have 


avoir 


ayant 


Clt 


j'ai 


trais 


-ens 


-aurai 


-a lira is 




qucfaie 


quefeusse 








tu a 


a a is 


eus 


auras 


aura is 


aies 


— aies 


— eusses 








il a 


trait 


nit 


aura 


riurait 


qu'i? ait 


— ait 


— eat 








nous avoni 


ivions 


e limes 


aurons 


aurions 


ai/ons 


— ai/ons 


— fissions 








vous arez 


aviez 


elites 


aurez 


avriez 


ayez 


— ai/ez 


— ussiez 








its Old 


a cedent 


curent 


auront 


auraient 


fjii'ils aicnt 


— a lent 


— eussent 



Compound tenses of this verb are formed by merely adding the participle past ; as, 

Pretindefi. Plnp. Pret. ant. Fut. ant. Cond. past. Preterite. Plusperfect. 
J'ai tit, j'avais eu, j'eus eu, f aurai eu, j'aurais tu, que j'ai eu, 



to be bein<?been'I am 



efant 



I was 



je suis 
tu cs 

ilest 



vous etes 

Us sont 



e'tais 
eta is 
etait 



I was 



fus 
fus 
fut 
etions fumes 
etiez \futes 
tiientfurent 



I shall 

orwill 

be 

serai 

sera 

sera 

serons 

serez 



I would be thou 
orshould 



terais 
serais 
serait 
serious 
seriez 
seront'seraient 



i fcusse eu. 

that I be I that I 
or may imight be 
be I or were 

queje sois quejefitsse 

-so is I — fusses 

■soit — fut 

■soyons \—fussions 

-soyez — -fussiez 

'qu'ils soient — soient ' — fussent. 



qu'ilsoit 



Compound tenses of this verb are formed by merely adding the participle past to the 
simple tenses of avoir : J'ai — avais — eus — aurai — aurais — aie — eusse — etc, §c. 

"When the auxiliaries are learnt the Pupil should conjugate them negatively, which is 
done by placing the verb between ne and pas : je rial pas or ne suis pas, &c., after which 
they should be conjugated with an interrogation affirmative, and an interrogation ne- 
gative. 



Interrogative Form. 





Arc 


)JB. 




ETRE. 


Affirmative. 




Negative. 


Affirmative. 




Negative. 


ai-je ? 




ri ai-je pas ? 


suis-je ? 




ne suis-je pas ? 


as tu ? 




rias-tu pas ? 


es-tu ? 




ri es-tu pas ? 


a-t-il f 




n' a-t-il pas? 


est-il ? 




ri ' est-il pas ? 


avons-nous f 




riavons-notis pas ? 


sommes-nous ? 


ne sommes-nous' pas? 


avez-vous t 




riavez-vous pas? 


etes-vous ? 




rietes-vous pas ? 


oni-ils f 




n'o?it-ils pas f 


sont-ils ? 




ne sont-ils 2>as ? 



Observe. — The verb to be is never used with the participle present in 
French ; as, you are writing, he is walking;, &c. ; in all such cases the 
sense is expressed by the simple verb as follows : 

You are writing — vous ecrivez ; (you write) not vous vtes ecrivant. 

He is walking — il marclie ; (he walks) not il est marchant. 



In English the verb to be is used before the adjectives, cold, hungry, 
thirsty, hot, afraid, right, wrong ; but the French idiom requires the verb 
to have and these adjectives turned into their corresponding substan- 
tives : 

J'aifaim, soif chaucl, peur, raison, tord,froid. 

The same in speaking of age : Quel age avez-vous ? Tai douze ans. 

Observe. — We may also say etre efrayc,allere, affame, dans Verreur. 



32 



Regular Verbs. 



Infinitive. 


P.pr. 


P.p. 


Pr. ten. 


Imperf. 


Preter. 


Future 


Condit. 


Imperat. 


Subj.pr. 


Imperf. 


ui 7n-cr 


ant 


6 


e 


ais 


ai 


erai 


era is 




que-e 


que-asse 








es 


ais 


as 


era 


era is 


es 


cs 


asse 








e 


nit 


a 


era 


erait 


qu'il-e 


e 


at 








0718 


10US 


ames 


erons 


erwns 


ons 


ions 


assions 








ez 


xez 


ates 


erez 


ericz 


ez 


icz 


assiez 








ent 


aient 


event 


eront 


er aient 


qu'ils-ent 


ent 


assent 



fin-ir 



issant h 



IS 


nsais 


IS 


issa is 


it 


issa it 


issens 


issions 


msez 


issiez 


is sent 


issait 


sens 


ais 


sens 


a is 


sent 


nit 


-ons 


tons 



is 


irai 


is 


irus 


it 


ira 


imcs 


i7 ens 


ttes 


urz 


irent 


iront 



n nis 
ire; it 
irions 
iriez 
■ira lent 



isse 


isse 


isses 


i.sses 


isse 


it 


tssons 


issions 


issiez 


issiez 


issent 


issent 


c 


isse 


es 


isses 


e 


it 


10718 


issions 


iez 


issiez 


e7it 


issent 



•0718 

irez 
iront 



irais 
i7'ais 
ira it 
irions 
iriez 
irai ent 



ens 
iens 

ient 
enons 
enez 
ienent 



ins 


iend-rai 


ins 


ras 


inl 


ra 


imes 


rons 


fntes 


rez 


inert 


ront 



Viend-rais 



rais 
rait 
rions 
riez 



i ens 
ienne 
en no /is 
ennez 



le \insse 
les unsses 
ienne lint 
ennions linssions 
e/iniez \inssiez 
iennent [insscnt 



couvnr 

ojl'rir 

souffrir 



ons 
lent 



ait 
ions 



is 


irai 


IS 


iras 


it 


ira 


fmes 


irons 


ttes 


irez 


irent 


iro7it [ 



ira it 
i rions 
iriez 



isse 



issions 
issiez 
issen t 



re-cevoir 


cevant 


cu 


co is 

co is 


cerais 
cevais 


cits 
qus 


cev-rai 
ras 


eev-rais 
rais 


cois 


coire 
coives 


cusses 
cusses 








all 






co it 


cevait 


cut 


ra 


rait 


coive 


coire 


qSt 


m 






cevons 


cevions 


cumes 


7'ons 


rions 


CCC071S 


cerions 


cussions 


-evoir 






cevez 


ceviez 


hates 


rez 


riez 


cerez 


cenez 


cussiez 








cokent 


cernient 


curent 


ront 


raient 


coir ent 


coirent 


cusscnt 




•out] 



raient 



issions 

issiez 

issent 



ig7iant 



i-nis 


ir/n 


-is 


ais 
ait 




is 
it 


ions 




hues 


xez 




ites 


aient 




irent 



ind-rai Hnd-rais 
7'as 7-ais 

ra rait 

rons rions 
rez | riez 
ront I raient 



ains 

gne 

gnons 

gnez 

gnent 



ign-isse 
isses 
it 

issions 
issiez 
issent 



instrui-re 


sunt 


t 


s 
s 

t 


sais 


sis 

sis 

sit 


>-ai 
ras 
ra 


all 






snit 


m 






sons 


sions 


simes 


rons 


tare 






S"Z 


siez 


sites 


rez 








sent 


saient 


sirent 


ront 



ais 
rais 
■ait 
•ions 



sions 

siez 

sent 



sisse 

i isses 

sit 

sissions 



conn-aitrc 


aissa/d 


u 


nis 
ais 


aissnis 

a issa is 


us 
us 


ai-trai 
tras 








all in 






ait 


a issa it 


ut 


tra 


aitre 






aissons 


aissions 


nines 


trons 


except 






aissez 


mssie/. 


tites 


trez 


ncutre 


\ 




aisscnt 


a issa ient 


u rent 


trons 



i-trnis 
tra is 
trait 
trions 
iriez 
trions 



ais 

a isse 
aissons 

aissez 
i issent 



ssionslussions 

ssiez 
ssent \ assent 



33 



Irregulars. 



Infinitive. 


P.pr. 


P.p. 


Pr. tense. 


Irnpcrf. 


Preter. 


Future 


Condit. 


Imperat. 


Subj.pr. 


Imperf. 


alter 


all ant 


alle 


vais 
vas 
va 
all-ons 

-ez 
vont 


all-ais 
-a is 
-a 

-ions 
-iez 
-uie nt 


all-ai* 

-dines 
-dies 
-crent 


ir-ai 
-as 
-a 
-ons 
ez 
out 


ir-ai s 
-ais 
-ait 
-ions 
-iez 


ca 

qu'U aille 
allons 
aHez 
-ail I ent 


que faille 
ailles 
aille 
aillions 

ail! iez 
-a ill cut 


quefall-asse 

asses 
at 

assious 
assiez 
assent 


icqu-er-ir 


e-rant 


u 


vers 
iert 
er-ona 

-ierent 




is, etc. 


er-rai, etc. 


er-rais,etc 


iers 

irons 

erez 

ierent 


lere 
ie>es 
iere 
erions 

eriez 
ierent 


isse,ete. 


\remii!-ir 


ant | 


e, etc. 


ens. etc. 


\is, etc. 


rai, etc. 


ra is, etc. 


-e, etc. 


e, etc. 


isse, etc. 


wuill-ir 


ant 


i 


bo us 

lout 

-ons 

-ez 

-ent 


ais, etc. 


is, etc. 


irai, etc. 


irais, etc. 


-s, etc. 


e, etc. 


isse, etc. 


veiil-ir 


ant 


i 


e, etc. 


a is. etc. 


s, etc. 


erai, etc. 


"rais, etc. 


-e, etc. 


e, etc. 


isse, etc. 


u-tr 


fuyani 


Jul 


is 

is 
it 
fuy-ons 

-ez 
fuient 


fuy-ais, etc. 


is, etc. 


irai, eic. 




-is 
-ie 
fuy-ons 

fuient 


ie 
ies 

fuy-ons 

-ez 
fuient 


isse, eic. 


lour-ir 


ant 


mart 


meur-s 
-s-t 
ons, cz 
met/rent 


jais, etc. 


us, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-incurs 
-e, ons 

ez 
men rent 


-e, ions, 

iez 
men-rent 


russe 


tmr-tr 


ant 


u 


S: etc 


ais, etc. 


us, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-s, etc. \e,etc. 


usse, etc. 


orm-ir 


ant 


1 


dors, dors 
dort,-ons,etc. 


ais, etc. 


is, etc. 


irai, etc. 


irais, etc. 


-s, etc. ie, etc. 


isse, etc. 


trSt-ir 


ant 


a 


s, etc. 


ais, etc. 


is, etc. 


irai, etc. 


irais, etc. 


-s, etc. \p. etc. 


isse, etc. 


zn-T 


ant 


'i 1 sers, sers 

' sert-ons.etc 


ais, etc. 


is, etc. 


irai, etc. 


irais, etc. 


-s, etc. ie, etc. 


isse, etc. 


ss-eoir 


eyant 


is 


ied, etc. 
eyons, eyes 

rient 


eyais, etc. 


in, etc. 


ierai, etc. 


ierais, etc. 


-ieds, ey, 

eyons, eyez 

eyent 


eye, etc. 


isse 


lech-oir 




u 


018, OtS, 

oit, oi ions, 
■■ 5, oi ' 




us, etc. 


errai, etc. 


errais, etc. 


-ois, oie 
oyons, oyez 
oient 


oie, oies 
oie, oyons 
ouez, oient 


usse, etc. 


lou-voir 


'ant 


mu 


nteus, etc. 
incut, -vons, 
-vez, meuvent 


cais, etc. 


inus, etc 


erai, etc. 


vruis, etc. 


iieus,meur 
tons, ez 
meuvent 


meu-ve,etc 


musse,etc- 


our-roir 


voyant 


Mi 


vois, etc. 


■oiiais, etc. 


mis, etc. 


POirai, etc. 


roirais.pt'- 


-vois, etc. 


voie, etc. 


visse, etc. 


ou-iotr 


cant 


pu 


inns or peux 
peux, pent 
-ions, rcz 
peucent 


tats, etc. 


i)iis, etc. 


rrai, etc. 


rrais, etc. 




puisse, etc. 


puisse, etc. 


a-voir 


rhnnt 


su 


is, etc. 


vais. etc. 


tus, etc. 


aurni, etc. 


a ura is. etc. 


sache, etc. 


sache,etc. 


susse, etc. 


a-loir 
H-ta-loir 


tant 


hi 


us, ux, 
aut. Ions, 
lez, lent. 


lais, etc. 


lus, etc. 


udrai,etc. 


udraes,etc 


-ux, ille, 
'ons, lez, 
lent. 


ille, etc. 

Ie, les. Ie. 
lions, licz, 

ill ent. 


lusse, etc. 


rhoir 


pant 


vtt 


IS, is, 

oit, iions, 
yez, lent. 


i/ais, etc. 


vis, etc. 


c errai, etc. 

preroirai, 
etc. 


verrais,etc 

prevoirais. 
etc. 


-is, ie, 

yons, yez, 

ient. 


ie, ies, ie, 

yons, yez, 
ient. 


cissc, etc. 


•u-loir 


lent 


/u 


veux, etc. 
-Ions, lez, 

veulent. 


lais, etc. 


ItlS, etc. 


drai, etc. 


drais, etc. 




:euille, etc. 
-lions, 
lies, 

euillent 


lusse, etc. 


t-ti: 


taut 


dit 


8, 8, t, 

sons, tes, 
sent. 


sais, etc. 


?, etc. | 


rai, etc. 1 


rais, etc. i 


-a, etc. 


se, etc. | 


sse, etc. 



* Or fus-fus— fut— fumes— f Cites— fur ent 



Infinitive, i 


P.-pr. 


P.p. 


Indi. pr. 


Imperf. 


34 

Preter. 


Future. 


Condit. 


Imperat. 


Subj. pr. 


Imperf. 


ecri-re 


vant 


t 


, etc. 


ais, etc. 


lis, etc. 


rai, etc, 


'ais, etc. 


s, etc. ve, etc. 


■isse, etc. 


li-re 


sunt 


lu 


>■, etc. 


mis, etc. 


us, etc. 


rai, etc. 


•ais, etc. 


•s, etc. se, etc. lusse, etc. 


ri-re 


ant 


ri 


s, etc. 


ais, etc. 
■ions, iez, 
aient. 


9, etc. 


•ai, etc. 


•ais, etc. 


■s, etc. 


?, es, e, 
ons, iez. 
ent. 


ise, etc. 


viv-re 


ant 


vecu 


vis, etc. 


ais, etc. 


vecu, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-vis, etc. 


e, etc. 


;ecusse, etc. 


tui-re 


sant 


tu 


s. etc. 


sais, etc. 


tus. etc. 


-ai,etc. 


rais, etc. 


-s, etc. 


c, etc. 


usse, etc. 


suffi-re 


sant 


suffi, 


s, etc. 


sais, etc. 


s, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-s, etc. 


se, etc. 


sse, etc. 1 


trai-re 


treyant 


t 


s, s, t, 
tra-yons, 
yez, 
tent. 


tray ais, etc 




rai, etc. 


rats, etc, 


-s, -e, 

tra-yons, 

-yez,ent. 


e, etc. 




fai-re 


sant 


t 


s, etc. 


sais, etc. 


fis, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-s, fosse, 

sons, tes, 
f assent. 


fasse, etc. 


fisse, etc. 


croi-re 


croyant 


cru 


s, s, t, 

croyons, 

yez, 

croient. 


croyais, etc. 


crus, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-s, e, 
croyons 
yez, ent. 


e, s,e, 
croyons, 
yez, ent. 


cr usse, etc. 


hoi-re 


buvant 


bu 


s, s, t, 

bu-rons. 
-vez, cent. 


buvais, etc. 


bus, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-s, ve, 
bu->-ons, 

boivent. 


ve, ves, ve, 
bu-vions, 

boivent 


busse, etc. 1 


conclu-re 


ant 


conclu 


s, etc. 


ais, etc. 


s. etc. 


rai, etc . 


rais, etc. 


-s, etc. 


e, etc. 


ssc, etc. 


luin-cre 


quant 


cu 


cs, cs- c, 
quons, 
quez, 
quent 


quais, etc. 


quis, etc. 


crai, etc. 


crais, etc. 


-cs,que,etc 


que, etc. 


quisse, etc. \ 


batt-re 


ant 


" 


bats, bats, 
bat, ons, 

ent. 


ais, etc. 


is, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-bats, bate, 
-ons, ez, 
ent. 


e, etc. 


isse, etc. 


rom-pre 


pant 


pu 


ps, etc. 


pais, etc. 


pis, etc. 


prai, etc. 


prais, etc. 


-ps, etc. 


pe, etc. 


pissc, etc. 


cou-dre 


sunt 


su 


ds, ds, d, 
-sons, etc. 


sais, etc. 


sis, etc. 


drai, etc. 


drais, etc. 


-ds,se, 
sons, etc. 


se, etc. 


sisse, etc. 


mou-dre 


lant 


lu 


ds, ds, d, 
-Ions, etc. 


lais, etc. 


his, etc. 


drai, etc. 


drais, etc. 


-ds, le. 
-Ions, lez, 
lent. 


le, etc. 


lusse, etc., 


suiv-re 


ant 


i 


suis, suis, 

suit, 
-ons, etc. 


ais, etc. 


is, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-suis 
-c, etc. 


e, etc. 


isse, etc. 


exclu-re 


ant 


exclu 


s,ctc. 


ais, etc. 


s, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-s, etc. 


e, etc. 


sse, etc. 


cojifi-re 


sant 


t 


s, etc. 


sais, etc. 


s, etc. 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-s, etc. 


se, etc. 


ssc, etc. | 


plai-re 


sant 


plu 


s, etc. 


sais, etc. 


plus, etc 


rai, etc. 


rais, etc. 


-s, etc. 


se, etc. 


pi usse, etc.] 


pre/i-dre 


ant 


pris 


ds, ds, d, 
-ons, etc. 


ais, etc. 


pris, etc 


drai, etc. 


drais, etc. 


-ds, ne, 
-ons, etc. 


ne, nes, ne 

ions, etc. 


prisse, etc. 


re-soudre 


solvant 


solu 


so itds, ds, 
d, -sol- 
rons, etc. 


solrais, etc. 


solu, etc 


sou drai, 
etc. 


soudrais, 
etc. 


sous, etc. 


solve, etc. 


solusse, etc 


met-tre 


tant 


mis 


s, s, t, 
tons,tez, 
tent. 


tais, etc. 


mis, etc 


trai, etc. 


trais, etc. 


-s, e, 
-tons, etc. 


te, etc, 


misse,etc. 


nai-tre 


ssant 


ne- 


s,s, t, 
ssons, 
etc. 


ssais, etc. 


naquis, 
etc. 


naitrai, etc 


naitrais, 
etc. 


-s, etc. 


sse,etc. 


naquisse, et 


croi-tre 


ssant 


cm 


s, s, t, 

ssons, etc. 


ssais, etc. 


eras, etc 


trai, etc. 


trais, etc. 


^ssons, etc. 


ssc, etc. 


crusse, etc. 



35 
Defective Verbs. 



Assaillir— is seldom used but in the Preterite, Infinitive and 
past Participles. 

Faillir — is seldom used except in the Imperfect and Compound 
Tenses, in other cases manquer is used. 

Defaillir — is used only in the Infinitive ; in other cases toniber 
en def alliance or s'evanouir is used instead. 

Ferir — to strike is only used thus : Sans coup ferir. 
Gesir or gir is used only in the third persons : II git , ci git. 
Ou'ir — is used only in the compound tenses with dire : Nous^ 
avons oici dire. In its simple tenses entendre or ajpprendre takes 
its place : 

Quand apprttes vous sa mort f 
Vetir — to clothe is used only in the Infinitive and past Partici- 
ple, and so is revetir — habiller supplies the other tenses. 

Choir — and its derivatives d echoir, echoir, are seldom used but 
in the past Participles : chu, dechu, echu. 

Though echoir is used in the third person singular of the present 
and future echoit, echait, echerra, in speaking of term or rent 
day and inheritance. 

Voire term echoit aujourcThui. Mon loyer echait demain. 
II vous echerra qnelque chose de cette succession. 

Seoir — to sit. is only used in the Infinitive with aller or devoir 
and in the Participle past with etre. 

Seoir — to become, to fit or suit ; is used only in the present, 
preterite, future and conditional. 

Braire — is used only in the third person of the Indicative pre- 
sent ; the other tenses and persons are expressed by placing se 
mettre before the Infinitive. 

Accroire — is used only in the Infinitive with faire : En faire 
accroire, Sfc. 

Clore — is only used in the present thus : Je clos, tu clos, il or 
elle clot, its or elles closent. and in all the persons of the future ;■ 
Je clorrai. Sfc, and conditional je clorrais, Sfc. 

Its derivatives — eclore, declore, forclore, as also enclore ; are 
seldom used but in the Infinitive, and compound tenses, with both 
etre and avoir. 

Dcdire, contredire, interdire, medire, predire, derivatives of 
dire ; are regular in the second person of the Indicative present : 
Vous dedisez — contredisez — interdisez — medisez — predisez. 

Preclure — is seldom used but reflected in the Infinitive and 
compound tenses. 

Joindre — is only used in the Infi. preceded by commencer or 
aller. 

Frire — is used only in the past Parti ciple frit and the following 
persons of the Indicative and future : Je fris, tu fris, il-elle or 
on frit, — Jefrirai, tufrira, il-elle or onfrira. The other tenses 
and persons are formed with faire before frire. 



36 
Observations on some Verbs 



en 



Alter in the sense of leaving a place is used pronominally with 

Jem' en vais. lis s'ent vont ; that is going from it— the place 

The same with venir, revenir, retourner : listen retournent 

Employer and all other verbs in yer, change y into i when 

forming a single syllable: J'emplo.ie, Its emphient Sec, and the 

first and second persons plural of the Imperfect of the Indicative 

and bubjunctive present take an i after y : 

Vous grasseyiez toujours alors. 11 veut que nous pat/ions, 
hnvoyer makes in the Future and Conditional • 

J'enverrai, fenverrais, instead of f envoy erai, f envoy erais. 
Verbs which end in the Infinitive in eler and eter, as ; appeler 
projeter double the / and / before e mute : ' 

Je prqjette. II appelle, £c. 
Except however those in eler, eter, as : rtlever, repSter, &c. 
which change the accute e into the grave before a mute sylla- 
ble^: Jepese. Use promene, etc. 

A Hyphen is always placed between the v. and the pronoun in 
an interrogative sense : vient-il? 

A Verb ending in e mute in the first person sing, takes an accute 
accent : Parle-je ? 

If a verb ends with a vowel and its subjective pro. begins with 
an £u eY A a 1 1S plaCed between them t0 av oid the hiatus : dame-t-elle * 
lhe first and second person plural always take an accent circum- 
flex : JVous vimes, Sfc. 

Verbs in^r require an e between y, e,ando,- to soften the 
sound ofy .• Ilnagea ,- nous mang eons. 
" Verbs in cer, require a cedilla under c before a, o, u, to give it 
th e soft sound of s.- Il P la ca. Nous placons. lis apercarent. 
7 / he £ artlcl P le smasculinof devoir, redevoir, are accentuated 
du, redu. 

Luire and nuire take no t in the Participle past : ha, md. 

Note.— Every verb has one of the terminations seen in the fore- 
going tabular arrangement; that isr or*, and in this sense there are 
only two classes of verbs ; but if we look at the syllabic termina- 
tions there are four ; er, ir, oir, re -the first includes above three 
iourths (about 2700) which are all regular except alter ; that is 
they are in every person, mood and tense inflected like aimer. 

The rest are more irregular ; hence in order to facilitate the ac- 
quisition of them, the models have been extended to 10 ,• which 
greatly reduces the irregular list. In ir for instance, there are only 
10 ; as all besides those in the tables of ouvrir, venir, sentir, are 
conjugated like punir, about 200. 

Observe.— The foregoing models regular and irregular, include every primitive 
verb m the language, and that all derivatives are conjugated like their primitives ; 
thus: comentir,pressenUr,ressentir, &;r., follow sentir, 

Revenir, preveuir, survenir, #6\, follow venir. 

Abstraire, eoctralre, soustraire, $c , follow traire, and so with the rest. 
• J :' )ie '— Ha>r 1S regular, and takes two points in every tense and person except 
m the three singular of the indicative present, je hais, tic hais, il halt, and the 
second person singular of the imperative : hais. 



37 



Impersonal Verbs. 
These are conjugated only in the third person singular with il. 

Those in er ; such as geler, greier, arrioer, Sfc, belong to the 
first conjugation and are all regular except y aller de, which is 
conjugated like aller, — — — 

I* /euvoir, falloir, y avoir, valoir, and etre, are conj. as follows : 



Infinitive 



pleuv-bir 

falloir ) 
valoir \ 
y avoir 
il est 
c'est 



it Is 



P. pr. 



phc 



y ay ant 



y ay ant en 



r.ndi 



il -pleat 

faut 

y a 
est 



i est 



Imperf. 



ilpleuvait 

fallait 

y a rait 

Halt 

etait 



Preter. 



ilplut 
fallut 
y eat 
fut 

f"t 



il pleuvera 
faudra 



y aura 

sera 

sera 



Condit. ( Subj. pr. 



ilpleuverait 

faud r ait 



qu'ilpleuvc 
faille 



sera it 
sera it 



y ait 

soit 
so it 



Impel 



rf. 



u'ilplat 
fallut 
y eat 
% 
fit 



Y avoir stands for there is : II y a du danger. 

Also for it is when used in relation to time, space and number : Y a-t-il long temps ? 

II y a plus de huit ans. Quelle distance y a-t-il ? 



A. In speaking of time il est must be used instead of c' est : 

11 est temps, trop tot, trop tard, minuit, huit keures, 8fc. 
The same before an adjective having no reference to anything 
previously expressed : 

11 est doux de penser a ceux qu'on aime. 
But if the adjective refers to anything previously mentioned, 
c'est must be used : 

C'est assez, c'est malheureux. 



B. C'est must be used before articles, nouns, pronouns, and in- 
finitives : 

(Test mon argent qitil depense. 

C. To be, used in English to denote the state of the weather, 
must in French be rendered by the third person singular offaire ,- 

Ilfaitfroid, il fait chaud, except when weather is the nom. 
case of to be : Le temps est trcs mal sain. 



1 II est requires de before the in- 
finitive : 
// est difficile de satisfaire tout le monde. 



2. C'est followed by a noun also 
requires de before the infinitive : 

C'est le moyen de s'enrichir. 

3. When c'est precedes a noun fol- 
lowed by an infinitive, it requires que 
besides de : 

C'est gratitude que d' 'avoir agi de la 
sorte. 

4. If there be more than one infini- 
tive in a sentence, the first takes no 
preposition after c'est : 

C'est agir en brave que de se sacrifier 
pour sa patrie. 



1. The impersonals c'est a nous-d 
vous-d lui, and so forth, — and il y a ; 
must have d before the infinitive : 

II y a du danger a agir de la sorte. 

2. Must used with the verb to have 
before a noun, is most elegantly ex- 
pressed by falloir without the auxil- 
liary ; having one of the pronouns, me, 
te, lui, nous, vous, leur between il and 
the verb : II me faut un cheval. 

The verb want may also be thus ex- 
pressed : II nous faut une bonne ondee. 

3. When must relates to pronouns of 
the first and second persons sing, or 
pi. we may generally use either the 
infi. or subj. : Ilfautpartir. II faut 
venir. But whenever must relates to 
pronouns of the third person sing, or 
pi., the subj. must be used, and the 
same applies to valoir mieux. 



A. Passive verbs require either de or par before the next 
noun : when the verb expresses a moral action it takes de* and 
par when the action partakes of art, or is purely physical : 

II est aime de tout le monde. Us ont ete pris par des corsaires. 
Iffut eerase par une poutre. 



38 
Government of Verbs. 



Two verbs of different regimen cannot govern the same noun ; 
hence though we may say : II aime et honor e ses concitoyens, 
aimer and honorer having both a direct regimen ; we could not 
say : 

II aime et donne de tons avis a ses concitoyens—donner having 
an indirect regimen. We must say : 

II aime ses concitoyens et leur donne de bons avis (donne a eux.) 



B. Passive verbs followed in English by from or with always 
govern the genitive : 

II est done de plusieurs bonnes qualitss. 



The following verbs abuser, heriter y jonir, medire, rour/ir, user, avoir besoin, 
avoir pitie, etre alteri f rendre raison, govern the prep, de : U jouit d' une bonne 
sante. 



Consent ir, contrevenir, contribuer, de'plaire, pardonner, de'sobeir, nvire, obeir, 
obvier, parvenir. penser, plaire, remedier, ressembler, resister, songer, subvenir, 
succeder, survivre, govern the prep, d : Ilpardonne a ses ennemis. Ilpense a ses 
affaires. 



Reflected Verbs. 



The following govern the preposition d 

S'abandonner, s'accoutnmer, s'adoimer, s'amuscr, s'appliquer, s'appreter, s'ap- 
pauvrir, s'arreter, s'attacher, s'addresscr, s'attendre, s'abaisser, s'ainnser, s'allier, 
s'acharner, s'agguerrir, s'attrouper, s'assoupir, s'accorder, s'exposer, se defer miner, 
se disposer, s'enhardir, s'etudier, se resoudre, se miner, s'endurcir, s' engager, s'en- 
teter, sejier, s'habituer, s'obstiner, s'ojipinutrcr, s'opposer, se plaindre, se plaire, 
se preparer. 

The rest govern the preposition de. 

II a eu tord de s'exposer a 'la fureur publique. 
Je me rappele de V avoir vu a Paris. 



Note.—Jouer requires de or its compounds when relating to an instrument : 
and d or its compounds in relation to games. 

• Use permits par to be employed in the second member of a sentence, instead of re- 
peating- dc. 



39 



Many verbs required before the next infinitive; some a; and 
others none. The following require de. 



abhor rer 


choisir 


defendre 


enrager 


indiquer 


trembler 


retarder 


absoudre 


choquer 


degoQtcr 


epargner 


insinuer 


tenter 


resoudre 


accuser 


cesser 


dependre 


epouvanter 


inventer 


preferer 


risquer - 


accepter 


commander 


deplaire 


essayer 


jurer 


presser 


rassasier 


accorder 


consigner 


desesperer 


etonner 


soupconner 


prescrire 


ravir 


achever 


consoler 


desoler 


etre 


sugg-erer 


preserser 


recompenser 


admirer 


conspirer 


detourner 


excuser 


justifler 


prier 


recrire 


affecter 


convaincre 


discontinuer 


exempter 


louer 


proposer 


redire 


affliger 


convenir 


disconvenir 


surprendre 


languir 


promettre 


redouter 


ambitionner 


conjurer 


disculper 


sommer 


me dire 


protester 


reduire 


appartenir 


conseiller 


dispenser 


exiger 


mediter 


pardonner 


refuser 


applaudir 


craindre 


ecrire 


fa c her 


menacer 


precher 


remender 


approuver 


defier 


statuer 


falloir 


meriter 


premediter 


repr ndre 


appvehender 


differer 


suffire 


fatiguer 


mander 


presumer 


reprimender 


arreter 


scandaliser 


eluder 


finir 


negliger 


priver 


repugncr 


arriver 


signifier 


empecher 


frissonner 


notifier 


prouver 


requerir 


attribuer 


sortix 


enjoindre 


gronder 


obtenir 


projeter 


conspirer 


avertir 


dire 


eviter 


gagner 


offrir 


punir 


rire 


rire 


dispenser 


entreprendre 


gemir 


omettre 


refuser 


risquer 


rougir 


dissuader 


feindre 


hair 


ordonner 


recommender 


rougir 


satisfaire 


deconcerter 


fremir 


hasarder 


oublier 


regretter 


supplier 


blanier 


decourager 


effrayer 


inspirer 


parler 


taxer 




charger 


decreter 


eloigner 


interdire 


permettre 


triompher 




chagriner 


dedaigner 


embarrasser 


imputer 


persuader 


remercier 




charmer 


d£dommager 


enchanter 


inculper 


plaindre 


reprocher 





The following require a 



accoutumer 


assujettir 


consister 


enseigner 


necessiter 


ranimer 


tarder 


admettre 


astraindre 


borner 


exhorter 


nourir 


redemander 


tendre 


aider 


attendre 


devouer 


exceller 


occuper 


resigner 


trouver 


aimer 


avoir 


disposer 


exciter 


perdre 


retenir 


travailler 


apprendre 


chercher 


donner 


inviter 


plaire 


restraindre 


veiller 


aspirer 


condamner 


depenser 


incliner 


preparer 


reussir 


viser 


autoriser 


consentir 


destirer 


former 


presenter 


renoncer 


vouer 


ajourner 


contribuer 


determiner 


instruire 


parve'.iir 


repugner 


commencer 


amasser 


citer 


desapprendre 


imiter 


penser 


rester 




amener 


commencer 


divertir 


hesiter 


preserver 


servir 




animer 


coir.mettre 


dresser 


habituer 


persister 


songer 




appeler 


conconrir 


employer 


monter 


porter 


sacrifier 




apprGter 


condescendre 


ehgager 


mettre 


provoquer 


soudre 




assignor 


conduire 


encourager 


montrer 


pousser 


soumettre 





The following take no preposition 



affirmer 


compter 


devoir 


s'imaginer 


preferer 


retourner 


valoir mieux 


aimer mieux 


confesser 


ecouter 


juger 


presager 


revenir 


voir 


annoncer 


counaitre 


entendre 


laisser 


pretendre 


rGver 


voler 


aller 


eroire 


envoyer 


observer 


prevoir 


savoir 


vouloir 


apercevoir 


daigner 


esperer 


oser 


publier 


sembler 




assurer 


declarer 


estimer 


parier 


regarder 


souffrir 




attester 


deposer 


examiner 


paraitre 


remener 


souhaiter 




avouer 


desavouer 


faire 


pouvoir 


renvoyer 


soutenir 




certifier 


descendre 


se figurer 


predire 


reputer 


suposer 





Continuer, discontinuer, contraindre, determiner, essayer, engager, forcer, 
consentir, conter, obliger, occuper, suffire, take either, according to the context. 



40 

Venir requires de when expressing a tiling happened, and a 
when a thing is to happen, but in the sense of to come it requires 
neither. 

Elle vient de quitter a V instant pour Paris. S'il vient a mourirje quitte. 
Je viens vous consulter sur une affaire d 1 importance. 



Manquer generally requires de when used negatively, and a 
when used affirmatively. 

Taclier — to endeavour, requires de, and a when meaning to aim 
at. 



Tarder — to delay, requires a, and de when used impersonally. 

1. The infinitive takes no prep, when the nom. case of another 
verb, or when it could be expressed by the participle present in 
English. 

Trop manger est nuisible a la sante. 



2. When infinitives following an adj. complete the sense, they 
require a,- but when the infinitive explains why the adjec. has 
been used, it requires de. 

Cest une chose Men difficile a croire. Je serais bien fdche de le croire. 

The same when the infinitive governed by the sub. is necessary to the affirma- 
tion. 

Quelbonheur de trouver ce que Von cherche. 



3. When a verb following a substantive is, or might be, expres- 
sed by the gerund with in, the infinite requires a before it. 
Nous avons perdu bien du temps a le chercher. 



4. After adjectives preceded by either of the following imper- 
sonal verbs, de must be used : 

U est difficile de plaire a tout le monde. U par ait satis/ait de vivre au 
Jour la journee. 

5. Also after many impersonal verbs : 

Ilsuffit de vouloir. II importe de U savoir. 



6. De also generally precedes the infinitive, when immediately 
following a substantive. 

J'aurai le plaisir daller vous voir. II ria pas peur de lui parlor. 
Exception. — When the infinitive implies something to be done or to take 
place, it is generally preceded by d : 

J'ai bien des choses d dire, a f aire, d observer, §r. 
Ilaplusieurs chevauz a vendre. J'ai un avis a vous donner. 



41 
Subjunctive Mood. 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IS USED 

1. After verbs expressing absolute will, command, fear, doubt, 
desire, joy, sorrow, envy, or any strong emotion of the feelings, 
when followed by que, 

Je vcux qiCon le fasse. Je crains qu'il ne vienne. 

2. After a verb used interrogatively or negatively followed by que: 
Voidcz-vous que je sois heureux f Ke pensez-vous pas qu'il ait tort f 

Except. — The following v. should express a fact existing at the time of speaking 
as the subj. always implies doubt, uncertainty: 
A-tM remarque quej'ai unejambe de bois ? Avez-vous oublie qu'il est etranger ? 

3. After quelque — que, quelgue, quoique, quoi que. 

Quelque savant qu'il soit. Quoique vous soyez riche. 

4. After a superlative followed by que or qui: 

C'est la plus belle femme queje connaisse. 
Except. — When que or qui relate to a genitive case preceding them : 
C'est le plus uge. de ses enfans que vous avez xu. 
C'est le plus jeune de ses fils qui est venu ce matin. 

5. After verbs impersonnel or used impersonnally followed by 
que : 

II estfdcheux que vous n'ayczpas ecrit. II est juste qu'il soit puni. 

Except. — II y a, il y a apparence, il par ait — re" suite — est clair — certain—' 

evident — indubitable — manifeste — notoire — palpable— sensible — sur — vrai — 

visible and all formed with on; as, on dit — suppose, &<?., require the indicative even. 

after que. As also Ilsemble when preceded by an objective pro. personal: 

llparait qu'il a reussi. II me semble qu'il s'est trompe. 

6. After the relatives qui, que, dont, and the adverb oh, when 
either of them are preceded by le seul, peu, or followed by a verb 
that could be used with may or might : 

II y en a fort peu qui le sachent. La seule chose dont il soit capable. 
Ilcherche un pays ou il jfuisse purler librement. 
Qui que vous soyez laissez-moi en paix. 

Tenses. — Both the present and preterite of the subj. are used af- 
ter the present and future of the Indicative. 
Mark i ^ lie ^ rst wnen wishing to express a present or future — the second 
\ when wishing to express a past. 

T1 . t S qu'on le fasse a present, demain, kc. 

II vcut or voudra •{ i , „ J .. 1 .. f . , ' . ' - , 6 

/ qu on rait fait /tier, la semaine passee, &;c. 

Exception. — When the subj. is followed by a conditional expression, the Imper- 
fect is used instead of the present and future, and the plusperfect instead of the 
preterite, after the present and future of the Indicative. 

Je erains or craindrai I J"™ * c f™mp# si on les laissait ensemble. 

( qu a I cut corrompu si on les avait laisses ensemble. 



The Imperfect and Plusperfect of the subj. are used after the 
Imperfect of the Indicative, Preterits and Conditionals. 
Mark i ^ ie ** rs * Av ^ en wishing to express a present, or future. 
\the second when wishing to express a past. 

I que j'allasse d present, de 
Ilvoulait—voulut — a voulu—voudrait—auraitvoulu \ main, be. 

quejej'usseallr hicr, §c. 
F 



42 
Reflected and Nutre Verbs. 



All reflected verbs form their compound tenses with etre: 
Je me suis depeche. lis se sont trompes. 



The generality of nentre verbs form their compound tenses with 
avoir : 

JEUe a dormi, nous avons marche, its ont party $c. 

Exceptions. — Alter, arrive?', choir, deceder, entrer, mourir, naitre, tomber r 
venir, and all its derivatives are conjugated W\\hHre. 

Mark. — The verb avoir used with a participle denotes action, and etre the state 
or condition : 

On I'apuni — expresses the act of him having been punished. 

// est puni — expresses that he is in a state of punishment. 

And as the participles alle, arrive, echu, de'cede, mort, ne, tombe, vemi, &;c, f 
merely express the state of being gone — arrived— fallen, &c, etre must be used. 

In accordance with the same law the participles of accourir, 

cesser, crottre, descendre, disparaitre, entrer, grandir, monter, 

passer, perir, sortir, vieillir, take avoir in relation to action, and 

etre in relation to state : 

f the act of having as- 

II a monte, or descendu Vescalier > J cended, &c. 

II est monte, or descendu depuis longtemps\ " P | the state of being above 

[_ or below. 

Elle a passe par ici hier \ .. , £ ■,. . . 

, 7 < c • ■? j > express the act of having past. 

II a passe en Suisse %l y a deux ans ) r 

L'hiver est passe ) ,.„ . , 

■at * j. ' \ express a difference of state. 

Nos jours prosper es sont passes J v a " lilCiC "^ c Ui 



Demeurer and rester take etre when no change of state is im- 
plied : 

II est demeure or reste a Paris pour f aire ses etudes. 
And avoir in other cases : 

II a demeure or reste quatre ans a Paris. 



The part, echappe in the sense of avoiding requires a before the 
object, and de in the sense of evasion from one state to another: 
Ila echappe dun grand danger ) figuratively — avoided or escaped from 
Elle a echappe a la mort ) danger — death. 

II est echappe de sa prison — he has escaped from prison or a state of impri son- 
ment. The last sense is however better and generally expressed reflectively : 
II s 1 est echappe de sa prison. 

Cettefaute m y a echappe, means — that fault has escaped my notice. 

Cettefaute m'est echappee, means — I have committed that fault. 

Expirer requires avoir in speaking of persons — h malheureux a expire. 
And etre in speaking of things le terme est expire. 

Reflective verbs are conjugated after the following form : 

Je me leve, tu te leoe, and so on with every tense and person. 

{me leve-je? te leve-tu ? 
ne me leve-je pas f ne te leve-tu pas ? 
or est-ce queje ne me leoe pas? est-ce que tu nete leve pas? 
Negatively — Je ne me leve pas. Tu ne te leve pas, §c 
Compound — M'elre leve. Wetant leve. Je me suis leve, etc. 



43 

Observations on certain Verbs. 



Can, could, may and might, are all expressed by the verb pouvoir 
except when can stands in the sense of to know : 

Je ne puis oiler chez vous ; metis vous pourriez venir chez moi. 
Savez-vous lire ? Sait-il neiejer f 

In connexion with the verh to have, immediately followed hy a paiticipla 
could or might are rendered hy the conditional past oi pouvoir : 

Vous auriez pu venir plustut. Nous aurionspu partir hier. 



Oughts and also sfiGuld when it can be turned into ought are ex- 
pressed by the conditional present of devoir : 

11 deverait venir ?wus voir. Vous deveriez leur parler. 

And by the conditional past of devoir ; when connected with the 
verb to have immediately followed by a participle : 

II uurait elu demeurer ici. Vous auriez die partir avec lid. 



Any tense and person of the verb to he placed either before its 
own infinitive, or that of another verb implying a fixd event, is ex- 
pressed by the verb devoir : 

He is to come to-morrow — II doit venir domain. 

We were to dine at five — Nous devions diner a cinq heures. 



Willox will have, resolvable into be willing is expressed by the 
indicative present : Voidez-vous venir chez moi ? 

And would implying a past in the sense of being willing ; by the 
imperfect oivouloir : Je voudrais avoir jini. 



May expressing a wish is rendered by the subj. present of 
pouvoir in an interrogative form : Fuissiez-vous ctre heu reuse / 



Do, am, will, shall, can, have, &c, are frequently used with a 
simple negative or affirmative to answer questions ; in which case 
the verb and pro. which have served to ask the question must be 
repeated in French ; 

Avez-vous vu Madame B. hier ? Non, je ne Vcdpas vue. 

La connaissez-vous ? Out, je la connais. 



Note. — Remember, that except in the cases above mentioned do or did; even- 
will, would, should, can, may, might and coxdd, are never used in French in con- 
nexion with other verbs, (that is as auxiliaries) the two first being then mere ex- 
pletives, and the rest simple signs of. tenses expressed by the verb itself in- 
French. 



44 
Participle Present. 



1. The participle present being indeclinable always terminates in 
ant, and is never used after any prep, except en : 

En lisant et en ecrivant nos idees se muttvplient. 
After other prepositions the infinitive is used. 

Sans dire un mot. Vous paie-t-on pour venir id? 



2. Thus it is seen that the participle present is not so extensively 
used as in English ; ayant and etant when followed by a participle 
past, are however used on all occasions where the English use it : 
Ayant dormi. Etant parti. 
The same when followed by an adverb : 

Ayant tort. Etant malade. 



3. Remember. — That when the English participle present is 
preceded by another verb, or a preposition, the French idiom re- 
quires the infinitive : 

I see him coming — Je le vois venir. 
He prevents me from going — II m'empeche de partir. 



4. When the English participle present relates to a substantive 
preceded by the article definite, it must be rendered by the indi- 
cative in French : 

The gentleman who was walking by the side of you. 

Le monsieur qui marchait a cote de vous. 



Note.— 1. Both the participle present and verbal a. end in big 
in English, and in ant in French. 

It is always a participle when ■ following the substantive in 
English, and an adjective when preceding it ; hence like all 
French adjectives declinable in the latter case and indeclinable in 
the former: 

An amusing person — JJne personne amusante. 

A person amusing everybody — Une personne amusant tout le monde. 



2. By, preceding a participle, is generally rendered by en and 
by par when following it : 

II Vapprit en lisant. II Vapprendpar cceur. 



3. Whenever, in English the article definite or a possessive ad- 
jective precede the participle, it is used as a substantive, and 
therefore rendered by a corresponding substantive in French : 
Le chant des oiseaux. Son chant me plait. 



45 
PARTICIPLE PAST. 



The participle past agrees with the subject when accompanied 
by the verb etre. 

Monfrere est parti. 3Ies cousincs sont arrivecs. 

When accompanied by the verb avoir the participle is de- 
clined if preceded by the direct object. 

Les lettres que fax recues. Les ouvrages qiCil a Iks. 

If the participle precedes the direct object no declension. 
J'ai recu vos lettres. lis ont hi plusieurs ouvrages. 

Lettres and ouvrages are the objective cases, recu, lu, the par- 
ticiples. 

The participle of pronominal verbs is also declined only when 
preceded by the direct object, etre being then used in the accep- 
tation of avoir, as : 

lis se sont imagine Men des choses. Les choses qu'ils se so?2t imaginces. 

Here the sense is have imagined ; hence the part, follows the 
rule of those accompanied by amir. 

Except — The participle of verbs essentially pronominal which is always de- 
clined: lis se sont emparcs de tous nos biens. 

THE PARTICIPLE FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE. 
If the infinitive is the direct object of the participle, no de- 
clension. 

Les lettres qiCil nous a prie de ltd envoy er* 
La regie queje vous ai conseille d'apprendre. 
But the participle is declined if the noun or pronoun preceding it is its direct 
object. Je les ai entendus parler.f Les dames que nous avons vues passer. 

Marie. — The participle is always declined if used without 
auxiliary : On y volt beaucoup de maisons mal bdties. 

The participle of impersonal verbs is always invariable. 
Les grandes pluies qiCil a fait. Les mauvais temps qiUl y a eu. 

The participle of neuter verbs conjugated with avoir is inva- 
riable. 

Elles ont dormi depuis six heures. Nous avons ri toute la soiree. 



The Participle remains invariable in all the following cases : 

1. Between two que-s; because in such cases it precedes the direct object: 
Lesfolies que j'ai cru qu'ilferait — which means : J'ai cru qu'ilferait des folks. 

2. When /' representing a member of a sentence is the direct object ; V being 
then in the masculine singular: Cette affaire se termiua comme vous I'aviezprcdit. 

3. When du,pu, vouht, are followed by an infinitive understood : 

lis lew ont donne toutes les informations qu'ils ontpu — letcr donncr being un- 
do stood. 

4. When fait in the sense of to cause — bespeak — order is followed by an infini- 
tive, the two forming then but one idea: Les bottcs qu'ils ont fait f aire. 



* If we ask the question prie de qxioit the answer is, de lux envoycr les lettres; hence the 
infinitive is the direct object, 
t Entendu qui! enx. Do ^vhat? parte; hence eux, is the direct object. 



46 
PREPOSITIONS. 



Some prepositions require a, (au, aux,) others de, (du, des,) 
before the next noun or pronoun. 



The four following, jusque,par rapport, quant, conformcment, 
require a. 

JusqiCa demain. Conformcment aux his. 



a cause 


a la faveur 


au dessous 


au devant 


au trarers 


a convert 


a la maniere 


au desstts 


au lieux 


a raison 


afleur 


a J a mode 


a cote 


au pn.v 


a la reserve 


a force 


a Vinqu 


au tour 


aux environs 


a Ventour 


a mo his 


a Vopposite 


aux depens 


pres orproche 


au milieu 


a V exclusion 


au deed 


au niveau 


pour Vamour 


au risque 


a Fabri 


au deld 


au dedans 


a up res 


faute 


a Vcgard 


au dehors 


au derriere 


a V exception 


hors 



The following required or its compounds. 

le long 
loins 
rez 

vis-a-vis 
au peril 
en depit 
au tour de 
en deed 
Rules to know when en is used instead of dans or vice versa. 

1 . En always expresses an indefinite sense, except before a noun 
of country. 

II en est de meme en tout temps et en tons lieux. 
Savez-vous en quoi consiste sa vertu ? Vous etes en bonne compagnie. 

Hence en can never be used before an article definite*— we could not say en 
la maison, but dans la maison, except with the word presence : en la presence de 
tout le monde. 



2. Dans always expresses a definite sense, and conveys the idea, 
that the object spoken of is contained within something else. 
II est toujour s dans sa boutique. II Va dans sa bourse. 

" embarras. Elle a vu cela dans Pope. 



3. These prepositions are often followed by a pro. 

En is used before personals : Ayez conjiance en moi-lui-nous, &c. Dans before 
possessives and demonstratives : lis sont dans lew pays. Qui demeure dans cettc 
maison? 



4. En indefinitely answers in what time a thing happens, and 
dans definitely answers when. 

11 sera ici enpeu de temps. II sera ici dans une heurc. 



5. En is always used for to, or, in, before a noun of country. 
II y a de grandes fortunes en Angleterre. Elle ira bientot en France. 
Before names of towns, &c, a is always used for to, at or in: a Paris, d 

York. 



A, de, en must be repeated before every noun they govern : the 
same with all other prepositions, especially monosyllabic ones; ex- 
cept the nouns they govern be synonimous expressions; as, par la 
force et la violence. 



* Nor is on vised before the article Indefinite, except in one or two instances '. En un mot ; 
but we must say dans un an, dans une scmaine. 



B 



47 
Rules on the Prepositions, a and de. 



1. Remember. — That in French prepositions always precede the 
word they govern, though often placed after in English. 

D'oii venez-yous ? Where do you come from ? 
A qui parliez-vous ? Whom were you speaking to ? 

2. When in English two substantives form but one word, and 
the first expresses the nature, form, or use, it must be reversed in 
French, with a between. 

A windmill — tin moulin a vent. The butter market — le marcheau beurre. 

Except there he a corresponding substantive expressing the whole, which is 
often the case in hoth languages ; as, the inkstand — Vencrier ; a wafer — un 
pain a cacheter. 

There are also a few instances where the second is put in the infinitive : 
Fire-wood — du bois a briefer. A dining-room — une salle a manger. 



3. Observe. — When hi English the first substantive expresses 
the substance of which an article is made, it requires de instead 
of a. 

Tin chapeau de soie. Une bague d"or. 



4. On or upon, preceded by verbs implying dependency, are 
rendered by de ,• as, cela depend de vous. And if preceded by 
the v. to play upon an instrument, by one of the articles du, de la, 
de V, de or des : 

Elle joue de la guitare et du piano. II joue de plusieurs instruments. 



5. With is rendered by de, after the verbs to do, to cover, to 
die, to dispose, to yneddle, to starve, to load, to Jill, and after ad- 
jectives implying to be endowed, pleased, or displeased. 

Que ferez-vous de ca ? II Va rempli de sable. 
Elle est douee de plusieurs bonnes qualites. Je suis content de lui. 



6. After the verbs tojight and to draw, with is rendered by a, 
or one of the articles compound, au, a la, a V ', aux. 

lis se sont battus a Vepee. Elle dessine au crayon. 



Note. — On or i/ponaxe also expressed hy de after verhs in the sense of to live, 
to subsist : II vit de ses rentes. 

On before nouns of days is never expressed when it could he dispensed with, 
or expressed hy next or last, as: I saw him (on) last Monday. I shall see him 
(on) next Monday. But when the sense requires on, as : on Christinas- day, the 
preposition d or the compound article take its place : a Noel, au jour de I' An, 
a (a Saint Jean. 



48 
CONJUNCTIONS. 



a fin que \ except e que 

dram' que [jusgn'a <<> que 

lien que Yhormis que 

en ens que \hors que 

encore que \1oin que 



nioyennant que 
malgre que 

nonobstant que 
?i on pan que 
pone que 



pour que 
povriu que 
pour pen que 

quoi que 
nans que 



<ot que 

Mai tntendu que 
mpposons que 
font s'enfaut que 
(ant que 



it nan us que 

ainte que 
depcur que 



The above conjunctions always govern the subjunctive ; and the three last re- 
require moreover tie before the verb. 

A mains quits ne reussissent. De crainte or de peur qitils ne le /assent. 



Observations on the Conjunctions, que and si, 

1. When si signifies supposing that, the present must be used 
instead of the future, and the imperfect instead of the conditional. 
Ilira a la chasse demain HI fait lean temps. 
II dev lend rait savant sHl eta-it plus studieux. 



2. Que is employed in the second part of compound sentences, 
instead of repeating the conjunctions si, comme, quand, pour quoi, 
puisque, and parceque ; hut especially such as are compounded of 
que ; and governs also the same mood as the conj. it represents. 
Comme el le doit bientut arrive r, et que vo-us desirez la voir, venez sans tarder 
Quoiqu'elle soit belle, et qu'elle ait recu deV education, per sonne ne V admire. 



A. Observe. — That though a verb following si is never put in 
the subjunctive, when meaning if; yet when que is used instead 
in compound sentences, it always governs the subjunctive. 

Si vous y allez demain, et que vons les trouviez chezeux ; /aites-leur mes 

compliments. 

B. Whenque signifies whether, it always governs the subjunctive. 



C. After comparatives, as must be expressed by que instead of 
comme : 

II est aussi savant que vous. 



D. Than is generally expressed by que de before the infinitive, 
when drawing comparisons : 

II est ptus facile fleparler que iTagir. 



E. When may generally be rendered either by quand or Jorsquc, 
except in asking questions, where we must always use quand : 

Quand viendrcz-vous ? Quand aura-t-iljini ? 



In English when any of the verbs to come, to go, to return, are followed by 
another verb, the conjunction find is used instead of to, in order to ; but neither 
conjunction nor preposition is used in these cases in French; Allcz-lui parlcr. 



49 
ADVEKBS. 

In French, as in English, many adverbs of manner and qua- 
lity are formed by merely adding a syllable to the adjective, that is, 
merit corresponding to ly ; as, seohre, secerement ; chaud, ckaude- 
ment. 

1. Adverbs joined to an adjective are placed first, and both fol- 
low the noun. Vn homme ires sage. Unefdle extrememcnt modeste. 



2. Compound adverbs also follow the noun ; as, 

Unefemme a la mode, Uti homme tout a fait singidicr. 

3. Adverbs are generally placed after the verb in simple tenses, 
and in compound tenses between the auxiliary and participle. 

II chante toujours avec gout. II a toujours chante avec gout. 

Except such as are composed of more than two syllables, which 
follow the participle as in English ; as, II ria pas ar/i honncle- 
ment. 

Beaucoup stands both for many and much or a deal, but is never qualified by 
another adverb ; thus, we cannot say, Bien beaucoup $ homme. Ties or fori 
beaucoup d 'argent. 

NEGATIONS. 

1. Pas and point may in some instances be used indifferently, 
though point is a stronger negative than pas. 

Pas implies not, and point, not at all. 

JPas may deny in part and admit of a modification. 

Point denies positively and without reserve. 

Thus elle ne chante pas may merely imply that she is not singing at the time 
of speaking ; but elle ne chante point, signifies that she cannot sing. Je ne 
ptaisante j)as conveys the meaning of, I am not jokiug; Jeiie plaisante point, I 
seldom or never joke. 

2. Point being an absolute negative is never used to modify 
another adverb, hence before adverbs of comparison and quantity 
or words of number pas is used : II ria pas tant $ esprit qrielle. 

Elle ne vient pas souvent nous voir. II rig avaitpas trente personnes. 

3. Both pas and point always require de before the noun : pas 
de nouvelles, point de merite. When the sense requires the 
definite article pas is used, and not point; 

Elle ria pa.s T esprit de sa sccur. 

4. .Ye is in many instances merely amplificative, neither pas nor 
point is ever used without it in a complete sentence ; hence 
when there is a v. not is rendered by ne pas or ne point, but if 
there is no verb ne is omitted. Pas encore. Point tfargent. 

As also in answer to a question with the v. savoir: pas que je sache. 

5. The negations, jamais, nullement, rien, guere, aitcun, nul, 
personne, ni VunniV autre, also require ne before the verb. 

Rien riest plus facile dfaire. Ilria jamais voulu vogagtr. 

6. Ni answers to neither and nor, and when used before two 
successive verbs in the infinitive, or two substantives, the pre- 
ceding verb requires ne. 

Je nepuis ni boire ni manger. Jc rial nifaim ni soif. 

a 



50 

ne used though there be no dlrect negation 
in English. 



1. After the conjunctions de peur que, de crainie que, a moins 

que : 

Partcz de crainte qiCil if arrive. 



2. After que and si, signifying before, unless, or but in the 
middle of compound sentences ; when the former part has a nega- 
tive sense : 

• Je ne leferai pas, qu'ils ne niecrivent. 



3. In comparisons before verbs following que, required by plus, 
moins, mieux , pis , meilleur, pire, autre, autrement : 

Vans etesplus sage queje ne pensais. 



4. But, nothing but, or only, in the sense of seulement, are 
generally gallicised by ne-que : 

JElle n'a que douze arts. Je ne dirai que deux mots. 

Exceptions. — Ne is omitted before the infinitive, or if a conjunction be required 
between que and the verb. 

II est plus doux de donner que de reeevoir. 
Vous etes plus heurcux que si vousfussiez riehe. 



Place of Negations. 



1 . Ke always precedes the verb : .77 n' est pas riche. 



2. Pas or point always follow the verb in simple tenses : 
Je ne crois pas cela. II iia point d'amis. 



3. In compound sentences pas or 2 y oint come between the auxi- 
liary and the participle : 

Ulle n'a pas fait cela pour vousplaire. 



4. In the Imperative they follow the verb : Nefaites pas cela. 



5. When the v. is in the Inf. both ne and pas or point are ge- 
nerally placed before it : Ileraint de ne pas reussir. Though the 
Infinitives ctre and avow, may either follow the negations or be 
placed between : 

Cost dommage de nepas etre or dertetrcpas sur Ic lieu. 
Je suisfdche de nepas avoir orde ri avoir pas le tanjy&iTy alter. 



51 

ADDITIONAL RULES ON SOME PARTS OF 
SPEECH. 



Adjectives, place of. 
As already seen, some adjectives change the signification of the 
substantive by being placed either before or after : 

Un bon homme — harmless Un komme Ion — good natured. 

Un pauvre homme — insignificant Un homme pauvre — poor 
Un brave homme — good, Un homme brave — brave. 

Some come moreover first with certain nouns, and last with, 
others : 
Unc action juste — Une juste plainte. Unejille vive — Unc vive emotion. 
Apres une mure deliberation — Le lie n'cst p>as encore mar. 

Co>;cohd of Adjectives. 

1 . An adjective, placed after two or more substantives, agrees 
with the last if similar in signification or part of a whole : 

Elle a un corps et une tailh eler/ante. 

2. If however two substantives of different genders are qualified 
by an adjective of a particular termination for each gender, it is 
better to put the masculine last : Elle a une vivaciieet tin esprit etonnant.. 

3. When there are two adjectives, and the first is qualified by 
the second, both remain undeclined : Des Sloffes bleu/once. 

4. The adjective is never declined when following a verb : Ces 
enfants mangent vile. « — — 

Adjectives, Degrees. 

The more or the less is always expressed by plus or moms: 

The more he works the more he earns — Plus il travailte plus il gayne. 



4. Comparatives of proportion made between two adjectives- 
must, in the first part of a sentence, be placed after the verb, quite 
the reverse of the English. 

The more modest a girl is, the more she is esteemed. 
Plus unejille est modeste, plus elle estesti/ue'e. 



5. jIs^ after comparatives, is always expressed by f[l(e: 
You aie as tall as I am. — Vans C-tes ausai grand que moi. 



6. Titan, used after a comparative and followed by a noun or 
pronoun, is also expressed by que: 

lie i3 more learned than I am. — 11 est phis savant que moi. 



7. Before cardinal numbers, than is always expressed by de- 

lta plus de einquante louis dans sa pochc. 

8. Before an Infinitive than is generally expressed by que de m 
comparatives : 11 est plus difficile de se ta'ire que de pari r. 

But if d precedes the first infinitive than is expressed l>y qua: lis scront 
tovjours plus disposes a vous vraindre qu'd vous obeir. 



9. By used after a comparative is expressed by de : 
This loom is larger than mine by many feet. 
Cettc chambre eat plus prande que la mic/me de plusieurs pied$. 



52 



Pronouns, Place of. 

THEY FOLLOW THE VERB: 

1. When it is in the subjunctive without a conjunction being 
expressed : 

Fussiez-vous le meilleur homme du monde. 

2. When forming the nominative of continner. dire, s 1 eerier, 
repliquer, repondre, and poursuicre, quoted in the following form: 

Je ne le crois pas, repondit-il. 



3. When preceded by any of the following words, aussi, encore, 
en vain, du moins, peut-etre : 

Peut-etre viendra-t-elle ce soir. 



A. When two imperatives are joined by the conjunctions et or 
ou, the governed pronouns follow the first and precede the second : 
Pretez-le moi ou me le vendez. 



B. Y is placed before moi, and instead of moi en we must use 
m'en •• 

Conduisez-y moi. Apportez-m'en. 



The Pronouns it and them. 

A. These when preceded by a preposition cannot be expressed 
by lui or elle, eux or elles ; indeed, in such cases no pronoun is 
used : 

Get upon-near-under it or them. — Allez dessus-aupres-au dessous. 
On the other hand it, though often merely understood in reference to an ad- 
jective or verb, must always be expressed in French. 

II estfuche, et moije ne le suis pas. Je suisheureux, et lui il ne Vest pas. 

The Pronouns its and their. 

1. Its and their are expressed by en every time we could use of 
it, as regards the first, and of them as regards the second : 
Cette Eijlise est belle, fen admire la structure. 
Cesfeurs sont belles, fen admire les couleurs. 
And by son, sa, ses, leur or leurs, when this cannot be done. 

U avez-vous mis en sa place? Mettezces c/ioses d lews places. 



A. When referingto any part of the body my, thy, his, her, Sfc., 
are rendered by the dative of the article definite, every time we 
could express the sense by saying a pain at the or in the; as : 
J'ai mal au doiyt-d lajambe-d V estomac-aux yeux, §c. 



B. When the verb expresses action, but especially over any part 
of the body,???//, thy, his, her, &fc, are expressed by the personals 
me, te, se, nous, vous, lui, leur, before the verb, with the article 
preceding the noun, as follows: 

Vous lui avez blcsse la jambc. Ilssc sont fyraticpies lafyure. 



53 

• Demonstrative Pronouns. 

1. The pronouns that rtkieh, or what, signifying that thing 
which, are expressed by ce qui in the nominative, by re dont in 
the genitive, by ce a quoi in the dative, and by ce que in the 
accusative. 

Ce qui in? oecupe nc vous regardepas. 

On nepeut savoir ce dont il se plaint. 

Vous ne save?, pas ce a quoi il passe son temps. 

Vous lui parlez de ce qu'il deteste lejrfus. 

2. Cclui qui, ceux qui, celle qui, celles qui, cannot become se- 
parated like the English pronouns corresponding to them: 

Cehti qui nepense qu'ci sol n' est pas digue de vivre. 
He is not worthy of living who only thinks of himself. 
Except when expressed by celui-ld, celle-ld, or ceux-ld: Celui-la, n 'est pas 
digne de vivre qui ne pense qiCdsoi. 

Verbs. — Agreement with the Nominative. 

As a general rule the v. agrees in number and person with its 
subject: Je vous aime. Us vous aiment. And when the subject 
is composed of several nouns or pronouns the v. is put in the plural 
as in English. 

Exceptions. — 1. When among the words forming the subject 
there are expressions embodying the whole, as — all, nothing, every 
body, no one : Honneur et bien tout est "perdu. 



2. When united by ou: V avarice ou la crainte Vaprecipite. 
Observe. — Should the words united by ou be of different persons, the verb is 
put in the plural : Mes sceursou moi irons les trouver. 



3. When two subjects, substantives or pronouns are united by 
any of the following conjunctions, comme, aussibien que, ainsi que, 
dememe que, the verb agrees with the first : 

Le riche aussi bien que lepauvre a ses besoins. 

A. Generally all parts of a subject united by ni require the verb 
in the plural : 

Ni Vamour ni la crainte ne purent le restreindre. 
Observe. — If the action expressed by the verb could be effected by either 
of the words united by ni, the verb is put in the singular : 

NiPun ni V autre neserarequ a Cacadtmie. 



B. Adverbs of quantity always require the verb plural : 
Peu dejeunes gens aiment V etude. 



C. When the subject is composed of a plurality of infinitives, the 
verbis always in the singular, with ce preceding it: 

Danser, chanter etjouer, e'est la seule chose qu'il sache. 

D.* W T hen the subject is a collective substantive, the verb agrees 
with it, if it be general'. 

La quantite d' enfans qui passu par ici hier. 

And with the substantive following the collective, if it be par- 
titive : Une quantite d' enfans passerent par ici hier. 



* The collective general is preceded by le or la ; and the partitive generally by un or unc . 



54 
Tenses and Meeds of the Indicative. • 

The present is often used instead of the past in order to render 
the narration more striking : 

Toyant sen uni dans unc tMuaticn tfangereitge ; il cant, se pricipiie 
et le saisit. 



The Imperfect. 
This tense must not be used to describe circumstances or phe- 
nomenon existing at the time speaking : 

II soutint que V amour etait — but est la plus forte de toutes les passions. 

The Pluperfect. 

This tense must not be used for the past : 

On m'a dit qiCil etait arrive — but est arrive. 

The Conditional Past. 

This mood must not be used for the conditional simple : 
On auraitpu juger que cela serait arrive — but arriverait. 

Place of the Subject. 

1. When a noun or either of the following words, ceci, cela, 
aucun, quriqu' 'un , per sonne, Hen, is the nominative to a verb in 
an interrogative sentence, it is placed before the verb : 

Leur pere est-iljjarti f Cela votes a-t-il coute cher t 

Remarks on some Verbs. 

1. After the v. to will, have is never expressed: En voulez- 
vovs ? 

2. May expressing a wish, is rendered by the subjunctive pre- 
sent oipGUVGir : 

Puissiez-vous etre Jieurevx ! 

3. The verb to know in speaking of persons is rendered by 
connaitre — not savoir. 

4. Y/hen after not the v. is understood it must be rendered by 
non : 

Whether he does it or not. — Qu'il lefasse ou non. 

5. Melirc expresses the beginning of an action when conjugated 
as a reflected v. ; hence used for the v. to begin, and always fol- 
lowed by a and the infinitive present or a noun : 

Mettons-nous a Vouvragc. Nous mcttrons-nous a /aire cela ? 

6. The v. venir is often made use of to express an action re- 
cently past, and is then immediately followed by de: 

Nous vennns cle le voir arrivcr. 
The same with fai?'e preceded by ne and followed by que de : 

Bile nefait que cVarriccr. 
But with de, ne /aire que implies reiteration or continuity of 
action : 

Vous nefaites que monicr et descendre. 

7. In speaking of arts, sciences, and national prosperity the v. 
fleuriv makes Jlorissait, Jlorissaient in the Imperfect and Jlorissant 
in the Participle present : 

Les arts et les sciences Jlorissaient a ccttc t'poquc. 



Prepositions. 



In English the prep, to is often used before infinitives, and when- 
ever it can be turned in order to we must usepour. 

J'gfuspour le voir en personns. Nousferons tout pour vous servir. 



In order to is rendered by afin de before the infinitive, and in 
order that by afin que before the subjunctive : 
Ajin de monter an premier rang. Afin quHlse souvienne de ses devoirs. 



By, after the verbs to sell, to buy, to work; and such like, pre- 
ceding a noun of weight, measure or time, is rendered By the dative 
of the article definite : 

Le vendez-vous a la livre ? 

When preceding two adjectives of number, by is rendered by sur: 
Mon appartement a douzepieds de longueur sur huit de largeur. 

Over is expressed by the past participle of the verbs passer, 
Unir, or achever, when denoting events taken place : 

Ses beaux jours sont passes. La comedie est-elle jinie ? 



If and but, in the sense of without, are expressed by sans : 
But for me, or if it were not for me, what would you be ? Sans moi, que 



senez-vous ? 



With is not expressed after such verbs as to supply, to trust, to 
fall out, to reproach, to meet, to honour, in such cases another 
turn must be given : 

II luifoumit de Vargent. Ellcs ont essuie lien des chagrins. 



With is rendered by contre after words denoting anger or 
passion : 

lis sont en colere contre nous. 



At is rendered by efeor one of the articles compounded with de, 
after verbs implying sorrow, joy, surprise, concern, derision, resent- 
ment, provocation : 

Je suis surpris de ce qu'il dit. 



At or to, followed by the word home, are rendered by chez, and 
the word home is supplied by the personal pronoun corresponding 
to the possessive understood in English. 

II est chez lui. lis sont chez eux. 
The same before the word house expressed or understood. 
Are you going to Mr. D. ? Allez-vous chez Monsieur D. f 
Observe. — We may also say a la maison : 
Est-il d la maison. 



56 

Negations. — Ne used without Fas or Point. 

1. With the verbs, cesser, oser and pouvoir ,- except in very 
emphatic negations : 

Elle ne cessede me tourmenter. II n'ose luiparler. Je ne puis le croire. 



2. With savoir, especially in the conditional with the meaning 
of pouvoir : 

Je ne-sais quoifairc. Vans ne sauriez lui plaire. 



3. After que beginning a sentence in the sense of pourquoi ; 
Que n'est-il vena liter. 



4. After depuis que or il y a-que, preceding verbs in the prete- 
rite definite and preterperfect : 

Depuis que je ne Vai vu. II y a plus dun an que je n'ai de ses nouvelles. 



5. "When apprehender, avoir peur, craindre, empccher and 
prender garde are used affirmatively : 

J*ai peur quelle ne veuille venir. 



6. When de follows a verb : 

Je ne Vai vu de lajournee. 



7. When mot is used with dire, and goute with voir ; 
II ne dit mot. II ne voit goute. 



8. With plus in the sense of no more or not any more . 
Je nc le ferai vlus. II ne vicndra plus. 



0/ 

On some Adverbs. 
However, followed by an adjective, is rendered by quelque, with 
the verb in the subj. : Quelque savant qu'il soit. 



Where is rendered by que not oil after ici and la. 

Cest ici queje V attends. Cest Id qiCil demeure. 

How long, relating to an event no longer existing, is rendered 
by pendant, with the verb in the compound of the present. 
Pendant combien de temps ont-ils eteici ? 
But if the event be not suspended it is rendered by combien y 
a-t-il que, with the verb in the indicative present : 

Combien y a-t-il qu'ils sont ici ? — or depuis qnand. 

The same with since ; How long is it since they arrived ? 

Combien y a-t-il qu'ils sont arrives f or depuis quand sont-ils arrives ? 

In speaking of things to come, aussitot que, des que, quand, al- 
ways require the verb in the future : 

Venez aussitot que or des que vous aurez jinx. 

After aussi, a moins, encore, peut-etre, toujours, en vain, for 
the sake of elegance the verb is used interrogatively : 
II a bienjoue son role, aussi Va-t-on applaudi. 



Adverbs formed from the adjectives aveugle, commode, incom- 
mode, conforme, enorme, uniforme, take 6 acute, thus, aveugle- 
ment, and impurd makes impunement. 

Ccnfus, precis, commun, importun, ohscur, profond, profits, 
take 6 acute, thus confinement. Expres, gentil, make expresse- 
ment, gentiment. 

Those formed from adjectives ending in ant and cnt, change 
into amment and eminent — except lent, present, which make 
lentement, prescntement. 



Rules on the word Tout, 

Tout is either an adjective or an adverb. 
As adj. it agrees with the noun it qualifies : 

Tous les soldats. Toutes lesfemmes. 

Tout adverb signifies all, entirely, quite, however, and remains 
invariable except when followed by an adjective or participle fern, 
beginning with a consonant or h aspirated : 

Elle parut tout irritec. Toutes savantes qii'elles sont. 
Toute liardie qiCelle est. 

Tout followed by a noun used without a determinative is also an 
adverb, and therefore invariable : 

Bile est tout en pleurs. 
In the sense of each, every we may either use tout or tous : 
En tout genre. En tous genres. 



Tout ce que, tout ce qui are pronouns signifying all that, every 
thing that, whatever • 

Tout ce que vous elites. Tout ce qui irioccupe. 

H 



58 



Interjections. 

All / expresses joy, grief : 

Ah quel bonheur ! Ah que je suis malheureux 

Ha / surprise : 

Ha, est-il possible ! 

Oh / expresses surprise, affirmation : 

Oh, qiCil est beau ! Oh, oui. 

Ho I is used to call, but expresses likewise surprise : 

Ho, par ici. Ho, ou allez-vous ? 

Eh / depicts grief, lamentation. 

He I is used to call, to warn. 





ERRATA. 




CORRECT. 


25. 


iE. — - 

— B. does. 




do. 


32. 


— Venir. Ind. pr. ennons, 
ienent. 


ennez, \ 


enons, enez, iennenU 




Subj. pr. ennions, enniez 




enions, eniez. 


33. 


— Asseoir. Imperative eye, 


eyent. 


s' asseoir. — eie, eient. 




Bouillir. " -s, &c. 




bous, bouille, &c. 




Dormir. " -s, &c. 




dors, dorme, &c. 




Servir. " -s, &c. 




sej's. serve, &c. 


34. 


—Faire Future, rai, &c. 
rats, &c. 


Cond. ) 


ferai, &ic.,ferais, &C. 


35. 


— Derivatives of dire. 




Should be placed page 36. 


" 


Joindre. 




Poindre. 


36. 


— Relever. 




Reveler. 



17.— C. Cent multiplied, always takes the s if not followed by another number; 
11 y en a deux cents. 

Vingt follows the same rule : II y en a quatre-vingts. 
41. — B. The subj. is also used in those cases after qui : 

Connaissez-vous quelqn'un qui soitplus temper* f 



59 



Conversational Exercises. 

The following exercises may be commenced, as soon as the auxi- 
liary verbs have been fairly committed to memory — the pupil must 
be made to write them out, and learn every sentence by heart, so as 
to have the whole at ready command during the lessons. In 
classes, pupils should address the phrases to each other, re- 
commencing in succession : and in private tuition, master and pupil 
may alternatively address them to each other. By this method the 
student will acquire a conversational habit and confidence, which 
the mere writing of long unconnected sentences, never can bestow. 

The first twelve are merely preparatory, and intended to impart 
a ready facility in putting questions, and giving answers. 

Exercise First. 



Have you a new pair of boots ? 

You have a new pair of boots ? 

Have you not a new pair of boots ? 

You have no new boots ? 

Are you ready ? 

You are quite ready ? 

Are you not ready yet ? 

You are not quite ready yet ? 

Has he a horse ? 

He has a very fine horse ? 

Has he not a very fine horse ? 

He has no horse ? 

Is he rich ? 

He is very rich ? 

Is he not very rich ? 

He is not very rich ? 

* If even' word in this phrase were expressed it would run thus : Yes I of 
them have one pair, and remember that this is the form all similar phrases must 
have in French. 

f It being understood must be expressed in French, hence say : Yes I it am. 

X Yet adverb, must be placed immediately after not : I am not yet quite ready. 



B. 

Y'es I have a new pair of boots. 

Yes I have.* 

No I have no new boots. 

No I have not. 

Y"es I am quite ready. 

Yes I am.f 

No I am not quite ready yet.f 

No I am not. 

Yes he has a very fine horse. 

Yes he has. 

No he has no horse, 

No he has not. 

Yes he is very rich. 

Yes he is. 

No he is notf"ery rich. 

No he is not. 



Have we any meat ? 

"VYe have plenty of meat ? 

Have we not some meat ? 

We have no meat ? 

Are we too late ? 

We are a deal too late ? 

Are we not too late ? 

We are not too late ? 

Have they a house ? 

They have a beautiful house? 

Have they not a beautiful house ? 

They have no house ? 

Are they poor? 

They are extremely poor? 

Are they not extremely poor? 

They are not very poor ? 



2nd. B 

Yes we have plenty of meat. 

Y T es we have. 

No we have no meat. 

No we have not. 

Yes we are a deal too late. 

Yes we are. 

No we are not too late. 

No we are not. 

Y'es they have a beautiful house. 

Yes they have. 

No they have no house. 

No they have not. 

Yes they are extremely poor. 

Yes tne'y are. 

No they are not very poor. 

No they are not. 



Observe. — The figures above the words refer to the pages, and the 
letters to the tables containing the rules to be consulted. 



Imperfect A 

Had you company often ? 

You often had company ? 

Had you not company often ? 

You had not company often ? 

"Were you busy when he called* ? 

You were busy when he called ? 

AV ere you not busy when he called? 

You were not busy when he called ? 

Preterite. 

Had you a good crop last year? 

You had a very good crop ? 

Had you not a very good crop last 

year? 
You had not a very good crop ? 

20— e 

Were you surprised to see me yes- 
terday ? 

You were rather surprised to see me ? 

Were you not surprised to see me 
yesterday ? 

You were not surprised to see me ? 

* To call at a house, or person is rendered by the 
il passu. 



60 

3rd. B 

Yes we very often had company. 

Yes we had. 

No we had not company often. 

No we had not. 

Yes I was busy when he called. 

Yes I was 

No I was not busy when he called. 

No I was not. 



Yes we had a very good crop. 

Yes we had. 

No we had not a very good crop. 

No we had not. 

Yes I was rather surprised. 

Yes I was. 

No I was not much surprised. 



No I was not. 



, passer, hence say quand 



4th. 



Will you have a little garden ? 
You will have a little garden ? 
Will you not have a little garden ? 
You will have no garden ? 
Will you be at home to-morrow ? 
You will be at home to-morrow ? 
Will you not be at home to-morrow? 
You will not be at home to-morrow ? 
Would you have time now ? 
You would have time now ? 
Would you not have time now? 
You would not have time now ? 

20— e 

Would you be glad to see him ? 
You would be glad to see him ? 
Would you not be glad to see him ? 

You would not be very glad to see 
him? 



Yes I shall have a little garden. 

Yes I shall. 

No T shall have, no garden. 

No I shall not. 

Yes I shall be at home to-morrow. 

Yes I shall. 

No I shall not be at home to-monow 

No I shall not. 

Yes I should have time now. 

Yes I should. 

No I should not have time now. 

No I should not. 

Yes I should be very glad to see him 

Yes I should. 

No 1 should not be very glad to see 

him. 
No I shoixld not. 



5th. 



Let him have patience. 

Have more economy in future. 

8— f 

Let them have more energy. 
Do you think I have done my duty ? 
Do you think they have succeeded? 
Do you think she is arrived ? 
Do you think they are gone ? 



Yes let him not be so impatient. 
Yes let us not be so extravagant. 

Yes let them not be so idle. 

No I fear not. 

No I fear they have not succeeded. 

No I fear she is not arrived. 

No I fear they are not gone yet ? 



You wished I might have less ex- 
pense. 

You wished they were bolder ? 

You wished they were more econo- 
mical ? 

You wished they might have more 
money ? 



Yes I wished you might not have so 
much expense. 

Yes I wished they were not so timid. 

Yes I wished they were not so ex- 
travagant. 

Yes I wished they might not have 
so much privation. 



6th. 



13 



Have you had much work this 

week ? 
You have had a deal of work this 

week ? 
Have you not had a deal of work 

this week ? 
You have not had a deal of work 

this week ? 
Have you been ill to day ? 
You have been very ill to day ? 
Have you not been very ill to day ? 
You have not been very ill to day ? 
Has he been in the country this 

year ? 
He has been in the country this 

year ? 
Has he not been in the country this 

year ? 
He has notbeen in the country this 

year ? 
We have had but very little frost 

this winter. 
We have had a veiy good harvest 



this year : 



Yes I have had a deal of work this 

week. 
Yes I have. 

No I have not had much work this 

week. 
No I have not. 

Yes I have been very ill to-day. 

Yes I have. 

No I have not been very ill to-day. 

No I have not. 

Yes he has been in the country this 

year. 
Yes he has. 

No he has not been in the country 

this year. 
No he has not. 

No we have not had much frost 

this winter.*' 
Yes and I hope we shall have a 

16— d 

good one next year. 



On the four Conjugations. 
A 7th B 



Do you speak French ? 
He does not speak English ? 

31 — 
They are speaking of the harvest ? 

Where did you use to lodge ? 
Did he always pay ready money ? 

Did they often travel ?f 
Did you find him at home yester- 
day ? 
Will you buy those houses ? 
Would you weep if he were to die ? 
Shall I bring him with me ? 

Let us both call ? 

* To be fond of, and to like are both rendered by the verb aimer, without 
auxiliary. 

f Say ; Travelled they often. 



Yes I speak it a little. 
No but he speaks Italian. 

Yes whilst we are speaking of the 
seeds. 

30— b 

I generally lodged near the bridge. 
No he was not very fond* of paying 

ready money. 
Yes they travelled very often. 
No but we met him in the street. 

No I do not think I shall. 

Yes nothing would afflict me more. 

Yes and let him not forget to bring 

his flute. 
Very well let us make haste. 



62 



fc 



A 8t: 

Has he done his drawing? 
But you have finished yours ? 
And I was just finishing mine when 

you knocked at the door. 
"When do you start ? 

Let us all start together ? 

When is your sister coming hack ? 



h. B 

22-b 

No* he has not quite done it yet 
Yes I finished mine yesterday. 
Well I am very glad T did not come 

sooner to disturb you. 
I should start immediately if my 

brother were ready. 
Agreed, let us start together. 
She will not be back before to-mor- 



Shall we go out a little ? 

Has your friend succeeded in his 

undertaking ? 
Who filled his head with those 

speculations ? 
He often builds castles in the air ? 

* Say ; no he not it has not. 



row. 
Yes let us go out a little. 
No unfortunately he has not. 



Oh he has been entirely dazzled by 

appearances. 
Yes he does not reflect much. 



9th. 



How do you receive your money ? 
And how do they receive theirs ? 

Has he received his papers ? 

Did you receive letters every clay ? 

Did you receive that parcel yester- 
day ? 

They received a large basket of 
apples yesterday ? 

When is he to be here ? 

Should you not recede those books 
to-day ? 

Well and if not, you w 7 ill receive 
them to-morrow ? 

How have you been received ? 

* All the months. f 



B 



I receive it every* month. 
We all receive it in the same man- 
ner. 
Yes I think he has. 
Yes wef received some every day. 
Yes I received it last night. 

Well and we received a great jar of 

honey. 
They are all to be here to night. 
Yes I ought to receive them to-day. 

I hope so for I ought to have re- 
ceived them yesterday. 
Oh I was received with open arms. 

We of them (en). 



Do you know him ? 

He does not seem to know you ? 

They know almost every body ? 

He was always afraid of being 

cheated ? 

Did they not* sell butter formerly ? 

She returned you the book yester- 
day ? 

Will you take those papers with 
you? 

Will they sell their gig ? 

Would you know^ him again ? 

Instruct him as well as you can. 

Take care of your pockets. 

Have we lost ? 



10th. 



B 



know 



Yes I know him very well. 
He only pretends not to 

me. 
Yes and we know scarcely anybody. 
Yes he often pretended to have been 

taken in. 
No but they used to sell cheese. 
Yes and she told me it amused her 

very much. 
Yes I will take them all. 

No I do not think they will. 
Yes 1 think I should. 
Fear not, I will do him jusiice. 
Oh I have nothing to lose. 
Yes we have lost this time. 



* Phrases of this kind may either be expressed thus : cst-ce quils ne vendaient 
2ms, or simply : ne vendaient-iis 2>as ? 



63 



On Impersonal Verbs.* 



At what timef must I start? 
They must not go too far ? 
What must we do ? 
At what o'clock must he get up ? 
Will it be necessary to start early ? 
We must not mindj these things ? 
You must not allow yourself to be 

persuaded by those people ? 
He is obliged to go to London ? 



llTH. B 

You must start at six. 

No they must not go very far. 

We must tell him not to come. 

He must be up at day break. 

Yes they must start before breakfast". 

No we mast be more reasonable. 

No I must mistrust them. 



He will be obliged to leave the 

house ? 
You must soon have a new hat ? 



Well but I must necessarily speak to 

him before Sunday. 
If so he must sell his furniture. 

Yes I must have one very shortly. 



* Before commencing this exercise consult rules. s page 37 

f Heure. % Faire attention d. 



12th. 



B 



Is* it not better to be satisfied with 

our lot ? 
Is it worth while to speak to him ? 

Would it not be better for J him to 

be quiet ? 
How long is it since § you saw him? 



Yes it is much better than to grum- 
ble. 

No it is not worth while tof say 
anything about it. 

Yes it would be much better. 



Is there any danger ? 

Is there no means of finding him ? 

Were you not in London a fortnight 

ago«f[? 
Howtt many years has your sister 

been there now ? 
It is not very easy to please her. 

* Ne vaut-ilpas mieux. -f d'en parley. % for after to be better, must 
be rendered by que, the same after to be expedient, propre, good, necessary, 
difficult. § Que vous ne Vavez vu. || All such phrases are rendered by 
y avoir heading the sentence. ^[ Ago stands for it is so long since, and must 
therefore be expressed by y avoir, hence say : it there has ff teen days. ** Plus 
d'ttti an que je n'y ai ete. ff Say: hoiv many years there has it, that your 
sister there is. %% It there will have. 



I have not seen him these || six 

months. 
No there is nothing to fear. 
No it is useless to seek him. 
No it is above ** a year since I was 

there. 
lt\X will have been five years at 

Easter. 
Is it true ? 



13th. 

The Lesson. — Have you a penknife ? Yes I have. Where is 
it ? In my desk. W 7 ill you lend it to me ? Certainly, with pleasure. 
Where' are all the pens ? They are below. Is the ink here ? 
Yes the ink is here. Have we paper enough ? Yes, we have 
enough. Are you sure of that? Yes, I am sure of it. Y r our cousins 
are not here ? No, they are in the country. Have they found 
their dog ? Y^es they have found it. When do you expect 
them ? Not before next week. Well, are we ready ? Yes we are 



64 

all ready. And are all the books here ? Yes, I believe so. Wait, 
I have lost my pencil ? Your pencil. Yes, have you seen it ? No, I 

43— a 22— a 

have not. Where can it be ? Perhaps in your pocket. Yes heref 
it is. 

* I believe or think so, I believe or think not in the sense of yes or no, are ex- 
pressed thus : Je crois, or pense que oui, Je crois or pen se que non, and / should 
say or think so or not thus : Je dirais que oui, Je dirais que non. 

f Here, there, preceding the pronouns it, he, she, they, joined to the verb to be 
are rendered by le (la les) void, or le (la les) voild. 



14th. 



The Lesson. — Where is your exercise ? Here it is. Have you 
made many mistakes ? Yes, I fear there are a great many. Have 

12— e 

you found it difficult ? Yes very. The next will be easier ? I am 
glad of that. Do you know it well by heart ? Yes, I think so. 
Well we shall see ? At least I knew it very well this morning. Is* 
this your book ? No, that f is my brother's. Where is yours? 
I have mislaid it somewhere. Is my slate there ? No I do not see 
it. Perhaps it is upon the other table ? Yes, there it is, well let 
us begin. Shall I read a little ? Yes, you may read a little for pro- 
nunciation. Is this your translation ? Yes, but I could not very 
well understand it. Well it must be explained to you, 

* Is this, is that preceeding a pronoun, or article, are rendered by est-ce Id. 

f This is, that is, these are, those are, meaning it is that, they are those, must 
be rendered by c'est celui [m.] c'est celle [f.] ce sont ceux [pi.] 



15th. 
Of the Hour. — What o'clock is it ? Why* what o'clock do you 

41— b 

think it is. I should say about three'. What threef ? It is not 
two yet. Oh it must be at least half-past two ? you mean half- 
past % one. It was twenty minutes after twelve when I left home. 
Well, and you have not been above a quarter of an hour coming. 
I had to wait nearly ten minutes at the drawbridge. Wait I"U 
soon tell you the hour. Well was I not right ? It wants precisely 
a quarter to two. Well, then I can stay three quarters of an hour 
longer. Can't you stay 'till four ? No, I promised to be back at a 
quarter past three. Louisa will be here in about an hour. Until- 
what time will she stay ? Oh, perhaps 'till twelve. § If so you 
wont be in bed before one. 

* Mais. f The word hour must always be expressed in French. + In 
English the halfs, quarters, and minutes are always expressed before the hour, 
and in French after the hour, thus : 7 heures moins un quart, 7 heures ct quart, 
7 heures dix. § Twelve, is always rendered by midi, mimtit. 



65 

16th. 
Of the Hour. — Is * your watch right ? To the minute with 
London time. What o'clock is it now ? 25 minutes to one. 
Mine does not go very well. Do you wind it up regularly? Not 
always, for it is down now. Well then you cannot expect it to go 
well. No, but it generally loses |. Mine did the same before I 
had it regulated. And it goes well now ? To a second. Just see 
what it is by our clock. Precisely a quarter past one. Well then, 
it gains. Yes, it generally gains a little. Hark ! that is the town 
clock striking a quarter past. They keep very well together. Not 
always, sometimes our clock is 20 minutes fast. That is a 
mere trifle during these long days. 

* Goes. f In speaking of watches, &c, to lose, to gain, are rendered by 
avancer, retarder. 



17th. 
Salutation.— 

{morning — sir, Mr., gentlemen. [jour — monsieur— messieurs, 

evening — madam — ladies. Bon< soir — madame — mesdames. 

night — miss — young ladies. -ne. [ nuit— mademoiselle— mesdemoiselles 

How do you do* ? Very well thank you, and how are you ? 
As well as can be, thank you. I am very glad to hear it : how are 
they all at home r They are all very well except my sister. Is 
she ill, what ails her ? I think she has taken cold. I am very sorry 
to hear it, but I hope it will not have serious consequences. I 
hope not. How long has she now been indisposed r Only since 
last Sunday. What does the Dr. think of it ? Oh, he says that 
there is not the least danger. I believe your father and mother 
have enjoyed very good health lately ? Yes, and my brother is en- 
tirely recovered. What ! has he been ill too ? Yes indeed, so 
bad that we had lost all hope of his recovery. Bless me is it 
possible ! 

* In speaking of a person's health the v. se porter is always used instead of 
to do and to be : comment vous portez-vous ? 

In a familiar way the v. aller is also used from person to person : comment ca 
va t mais ca va assez bien. 



18th. 
Parting. — Well I must leave you. What ! already ? Yes, I 
really must go. You are in a great hurry. Do you know that I 
have yet two visits to pay*. Ah, well if so, we must excuse you. 
Yes, if you please, forf it is getting rather late you see. Well, but 
when shall we have the pleasure of seeing you again ? I shall call 
as soon as I can. Well do not fail. No, I certainly shall not. 
I am sorry Mrs. D. should be engaged. Yes, I regret exceedingly 
not to have the pleasure of seeing her. I know she will be quite 
vexed. Well I hope to have that pleasure next time. Oh yes, I 
hope so. Well then until we meet again, adieu. Farewell, give J 
my love at home. I shall not fail. 
* Faire. f Car il commence a sej mre un peu tard. % Faiies mes amities. 



66 



19th. 



Breakfast. — How do you feel this morning ? Oh tolerably Well. 
At what time did you get up* ? Not before half-past seven. You 
have been idle this morning ? Yes, I went to bed rather late. 
"What were you doing so late ? I spentf the evening at Mrs. B's. 
Oh, I did not know you were at J a party. Oh, she only had a 
few friends. Which will you take, coffee or tea ? A cup of coffee 
first, if you please. Here is toast and bread and butter. I should 
prefer bread, for § I am going to take a little ham. Do so, with a 
little fowl. Will you pass me the salt, if you please. Oh ! I beg your 
pardon. Take an egg. Thank you, I have made an excellent break- 
fast. What ! you have not done yet? Yes I have done thank you. 

* Vons Hes-vovs levc. f passed. J En soiree. § Remember 

always to translate for meaning because by parceque or car. 



20th. 



Dinner. — I am very glad dinner is ready. Well, I* am not 
sorry for it. Whatf shall I help you to ? A little soup if 
you please. Well, are you ready for a little fish ? Yes, I shall"]: take 
a little, if you please. How do you find it ? Truly excellent. Well, 
will you allow me to help you to a little more ? No more, thank 
you. Shall I trouble you to pass me that dish ? You mean§ the 
mutton. Yes, shall |i I cut you a little of it ? Well, thank you, I 
shall take a little of the duck. What vegetables shall I help you 
to, potatoes or cabbage \ Well, I prefer taking a few of the turnips. 
Shall I have the pleasure of taking a glass of wine with you ? I 
shall be very happy to do so. Will you take a little pudding ? 
Nothing more thank you. 

* I not of it am not sorry neither. f What {que) to yon shall serve I. 
% Of it. § Voulez dire. \\ (To) you of it shall cut I a little ? 



21st. 



Tea. — You* will do us the pleasure to stay and take tea with 
us ? Well, thank you, I accept your invitation. Well then, will 
you draw nearer the table ? Thank you I am quite comfortable 
here. Do you take sugar ? Very little, if you please. You take 

20— c 

cream no doubt ? No thank you I never take any.f Shall I pass 
you the cake, or some bread and butter? The bread and butter if 
you please. Is your tea agreeable ? Quite]: so, thank you. Will 
you allow me to pass you a few shrimps ? Thank you, I never eat 
any. Well, then a little ham ? Thank you, I prefer a few radishes. 
Will you pass me your cup ? Only half a cup, if you please. 
We never make half cups here. Well then just as you please. 

* You will to \is make the honour of. t Of it. 

% Say ; he not could it be more — d'avantagc. 



G7 

22nd. 
'Travelling. — What time was it when we started* r Half-past 
eight precisely. We are not going very fast. No, the roads are 
rather bad. At what Inn do you put up in London ? At the Green 
Lion. That is a very good Inn I believe. Yes, the accommo- 
dation! is very good. Where do you start for to-morrow? For 
Dover. By coach or by railj ? Oh, by rail. Do you stay§ any 
time at Dover ? No, I shall take the first steamer for Havre. And. 
from there where do you go ? Probably direct to Paris. Do you 
go any further than Paris ? Well,|| I may have occasion to go as 
far as Bordeaux. Well then, perhaps,^ you will come back by 
water ?** Yes, it is possible, if the weather keepff fair. You H 
will have to take a sailing vessel. No, I believe there are steamers 
during the summer season. 

* Som?7ies partis. f Say, yes one there is very well. J Chemin-de-Fer. 
§ Vous arretez-vous. \\ Mais ilpeut se fa ire que j'aie. % Place perhaps 
after the verb. ** Par mer. ft $ e tient beau. %% II vous faudra 
prendre. 

23rd. 
Morning Inquiries. — Well, after all you did not go to the con- 
cert last night. No, I went* to the theatre* Where there many 
people ? No, not a great many. What was the piece ? The Lady 
of Lyons. Did they go through it well ? Yes, pretty well. I 
think you would have been more amused at the concert. Itf was 
well attended I believe ? Oh yes, quite full. How did Miss D. 
sing ? Oh, as usual most delightfully. Were there many of our 
acquaintances : Not so many as I expected^. Mr. and Mrs. D. 
were there I suppose ? Yes, they sat§ close by me. And who else|| 
did you observe ? W T ho do you think sat just behind me ? I can 
not tell. Mr. S. Is it possible! So^[ shortly after his wife's 
death ? Yes, and he seemed more cheerful than** ever. 

* Fus. f 11 y avail beaucoup de monde. % Je m'attendais. § Were 
seated. || En outre. ^ Sltot. ** Que. 



24th. 
At a Party.— It is a long time since* I had the pleasure of 
meeting you. Yes indeed, it is a very long time. I hope we shall 

44-a 

have the pleasure of hearing you sing. No, no, you mean to say, 
that you will grant us the pleasure of hearing you. Oh, I see, you 
begin already to make excuses, but they will not be listened to. 
I wish you would askf Miss F. to| sing. What a§ beautiful voice 
she has. Yes, and she knows so well how to|| use it. Have^f you 
had dancing already ? Yes, they** have had two or three 
waltzes. I wish you would introduce me to Miss B. I assure you, 
I shall have great pleasure in ft doing so. We must wait a little, 
for she is just going to perform a pieceJJ on the harp. They say 
she plays delightfully. 

* Queje n'ai eu. f d. + De. § This article is never expressed 
after what admirative, hence what a fine girl, what a large house, would be 
merely rendered thus : quelle belle fille, quelle grande maison. || S'en aervir. 
% Has one danced. ** One has made. ff d le /aire. X+ When piece 
signifies production in music or writing it must always be rendered by ?norceav, 
except as a title to plays, or a book containing plays. 



68 

25th. 

"Walk. — Shall* we take a walk ? Yes, let us take a walk before 
dinner. Where is your stick ? I have lost it. Well, and I cannot 
find my parasol. Oh, I have found them both. Where were they ? 
In the study. Whichf way shall we go ? WhichJ way you please. 
I believe that is a very pleasant road. Well then let us take it. 
This road is generally very smooth. Yes, I see (it, that). Shall 
we go far ? No, not far, if you please. Have you walked this§ 
way before ? No, I generally walk along the riverside. Howjf 
green those hedges are ? Yes, and the fields have a be&utiful ap- 
pearance. Listen to those birds. How|| well the one on that tree 
sings. Really, I do not think I can go much further. Well, if 
you feel tired let*j[ us turn back. 

* Allons faire une promenade? Remember that walk is always rendered by 
its corresponding noun promenade with faire instead of prendre as in English, 
and the verb to walk for pleasure, that is, promenading, by the verb se promener. 
f De quel cote. % Par oil il vous plaira. § Par ici. \\ Que ces hales. 

\ Que celui sur cet arbre chante done Men. ** Retournons. 



•26th. 
Garden. — Shall we take a* 4 walk into the garden ? Have you 
anything interesting in it ? Come and see. I had no idea your 
garden was so large. You do not see the half of it yet. What 
have you in this bed ? There I have sown some carrots. And 
what have you in the next ? Turnips. And what on the other 
side ? There I intend sowing beetroot. Your beans are coming]; 
up well. Yes, but the slugs have eaten some. I am looking if 
there are any flowers. Well,§ I have scarcely any. They require 
so much attention. Yes, and I really have not much time for it.|[ 
You used to have some in the other garden. Well, % and I have 
a few here, down at the bottom. I must go and have a** look at 
them. I will see if I can gather you a little nosegay. Oh you 
are very kind. 

* A short approximate turn, as here understood, is expressed by faire vn [or 
un petit'] tour. f Say, there have yon any thing interesting. J Viennent 
bien. § Mais. \\ Cela. \ Out. ** Them to see. 



27th. 

Garden. — I went to see Mrs. B's. garden yesterday. Has she 
any strawberries ? Yes, a great many. Are they ripe ? A few 
here and there. Has she many currants ? No, not a great many. 
Last year she had such beautiful* gooseberries. Well, I believe 
she will have some fine ones this year. But there are no raspberries. 
No,f I do not think there are any. Has she many lettuces ? Oh, 
I should think ten different sorts. Some large ones ? Yes, some 
as big as a cabbage. What fine rhubarb she generally has. I 
do not think she has any this year. Did you observe any 
cucumbers? No, there is not one. But a great many potatoes I 
suppose? Yes, one % half of the garden has|| nothing but potatoes. 

* De si belles. f Non,jene crois pas qu'il // en ait, + La moitie, 
|| X'est que. 



69 

29th. 
Market. — How is the market to-day ? Oh full of every kind of 
provisions. What* do they sell chickens a couple now ? They are 
rather dear. What do you call dear ? When they ask from three 
and sixpence to four shilling a couple. Are there many geese 
and turkeys ? Yes, I never saw so many before. And plenty of 
game I suppose ? Yes, especially hares. Eggs and butter are 
cheap now. Yes, but meat is very dear. Especially lamb and 
mutton. Well yes, beef and veal are a little more reasonable. 
Pork is about thef cheapest thing there is. NorJ do I think fish 
very dear. What splendid salmon were there this morning. 
Any soles ? Yes, and eels in quantity. Well, and was there much 
fruit ? More apples than anything else. 

* Combien. f Ce qxCily a de meilleur marchc. % Say, I not find not 

the fish dear neither. 



29th. 
Consultation. — I come to* ask your advice. You meanf res- 
pecting that affair? Yes, what is to be done ? I should be really much 
puzzled to tellj you. Well, but let us see what means might§ 
be adopted. If I were in|| your place I ^f should have nothing to 
do with it. I was of that opinion too at first. An idea has** just 
struck me. Well what is it ? Nay, we must resortff to other 
means. Leavej^ it to me. Would §§ it not be better? Perhaps 
so. But I am of opinion. Very well, then let |||| us keep to that. 

31- 

Has Mr. D. mentioned^ anything to you about it ? Not a 
word. That is strange, he told me he would. I saw him 
yesterday, but he never mentioned it. He must have forgotten it. 
That may be. 

* Say, you to ask an advice. f You will to say. J Of to you it to tell 
§ Onpourrait. || d. ^ Je ne m'en melerais pas. ** To me is come, 
ft Avoir recours. XX Leave me to do. § § Ne vaudrait-il pas mieux. 
|| || Tenons nous en Id. ^ Vous en a-t-il parle . 



30th. 
Asking aFavour. — I have a favour to ask of you. In what can 
I oblige you? Would you have the kindness to lend me two 
thousand pounds until next week ? Why not? undoubtedly with 

12-e 

the greatest of pleasure. I am infinitely obliged to you. I beg 
you will not mention it. I give you a great deal of trouble. Pray 
do not mention* that. You are extremelyf kind. I shall always 
have great pleasure in'| obliging you. I have no reason§ to doubt 
it. IlelyJI always on mv friendship. You have already obliged 
me more than once. How will^f you have it, in gold or paper ? 
Just as it will be most convenient to you. Well then, I shall 
give you the half in notes, and the rest in gold. Entirely as you 
please. 

* En parhr. f Bien bon. J «. § Of it to doubt. || Comjptez. 

TI Le souhaitcz-vous. 



70 

31st. 

Supper.— At what time shall we sup r Immediately, if you like, 
Well, shall I ring to* have it brought up ? Yes, and then we shall 
have time forf a little music after. WhatJ is there for supper ? 
Some cold mutton, salad, a veal pie, and some very nice cheese. 
Now, will you help yourself to what there is ? I want another fork 

22— c 

to mix the salad. Do you put mustard to it ? No, only pepper, salt, 
vinegar and oil. Which will you take, wine or beer ? A glass of 
porter, if you have any. Well I do not know if there is any in the 
house. Your cheese is excellent. Why do you not take some 
butter with it ? Nothing else now. What, have you done already ? 
Yes, and made an excellent supper. 

* For that one it bring up. f Of to make a little music. J Qu'est-ce 
qxCil y a. 

32nd. 
News. — Is there anything new ? No* there is nothing stirring. 
Have you seen the papers ? Yes I have seen the Courier. When ? 
This morning. And it contains no news ? Nothing whatever. Oh, 
heref comes Mrs. B. Ha ! she will no doubt have some news. 
Perhaps so, for she is always full of news. Well Mrs. B., what:j: 
news are there ? What ! have you not heard ? Heard what ? 
That Miss B. got§ married this morning. Is it possible! Yes, 
and they have started for France. Well, you astonish me. It|[ 
surprises every body. I suppose her sister will soon follow her 
example. Very likely, at the first opportunity. I was saying to 
Mrs. D. when you came, you were bringing us some news. Well, I 
generally amau courant 'of all the local news. Politics, you never 
meddle with. No never. 

* Non, on ne dit rien de nouveau, or, non on ne parte de rien. f Voila 
Madame D. qui vient. + Que dit-on de nouvsau. § S'estmarie'e. || Cela. 

33rd. 
Weather. -^-How* very cold it is to day. Yes it freezes very 

15— g 

hard. Is the river frozen ? Oh the ice is above an inch thick. 
How suddenly the weather has changed. Yes, for yesterday it 
was so mild. Indeed last week it was quite hot. What fine wea- 
ther we had last Sunday. Beautiful for the season. I think we 
shall have snow before long.f I hope not, for I hate snowy wea- 
ther. It is the thawing that is so disagreeable. According to 
accounts there have been some heavy tempests at sea. There has 
been a deal of wind lately. What continual rain they have had in 
London. Well, we had some heavy showers here. How foggy it 
was last night. Yes, we very often have fogs at this season of the 
year. It begins to^ be very gloomy. Yes, and this morning it 
was so fair. 

* That it makes then cold. f Feu. % a se faire. 
We should now advise, that all the exercises be recapitulated, 
(two or more per lesson may be prepared) and at the close of the 
second course, the pupil will or ought to be able to converse on fa- 
miliar topics without exercise : as also be prepared with a sufficient 
stock of words and rules, to commence translating any English 
work into French, in his private study. 
























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